Gazetted by regulations published on 1 February 1917, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps was established as part of the permanent staff of the Defence Forces of New Zealand. It was organized with Ordnance Stores under four District Ordnance Officers based in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin, with detachments in Palmerston North and Featherston.[1]
For this article’s purposes, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and Corps activities during 1918-1923 will be collectively referred to as the NZAOC.
Following the cessation of hostilities in November 1918, the routine work of the four District Ordnance Officers significantly increased. The return of troops necessitated the opening and equipping of hospitals and vocational and educational training schemes, which introduced new and important responsibilities for the Ordnance Corps.
Organisation
During the period of 1918-1919, the strength of the NZAOC increased significantly due to the takeover of camps and the surge in workload following demobilization. Preference was given to returning soldiers when recruiting for the NZAOC. As of 1st June 1919, the total strength of the NZAOC was 486 personnel.;[2]
- 18 Officers, and
- 475 Other ranks.
Key Appointments
Directing Staff and Executive Staff
Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores
- Major T. McCristell, NZAOD.
Assistant Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores
- Temporary Captain T. J. King, NZAOD.
Ordnance Accounting Officer
- lieutenant James M. Miller, NZAOD.
Ordnance Officer Auckland
- Captain L.F McNair, NZAOD.
Ordnance Officer Christchurch
- Honorary Captain A.R.C White, NZAOD.
Ordnance Officer Dunedin
- Honorary Captain O.F. McGuigan, NZAOD.
Ordnance Officer Wellington
- Honorary Lieutenant F.E Ford, NZAOD.
Ordnance Officer Featherston Camp
Executive Staff Ordnance Officers
- Lieutenant Eugene Key, NZAOD.
- Lieutenant Albert Austin, NZAOD.
- lieutenant Walter N. Bates, NZAOD.
Inspectorial Staff
Inspector of Ordnance Machinery
- Captain B.G.V Parker, NZAOD.
Inspector of Engineers, Electric Light and Defence Vessels Stores
- Captain George John Parrell, NZAOD
Proof Officer, Small Arms Ammunition, Auckland
- Captain A. Duvall, NZAOD.
Chief Armourer
- Honorary Lieutenant William E. Luckman, NZAOD.
Inspectorial Staff Ordnance Officers
- Honorary Lieutenant Frederick W. Kibblewhite, NZAOD.
- Honorary Lieutenant William H Manning, NZAOD.
- Honorary Lieutenant William Ramsey, NZAOD.
Alexandra Barracks, Buckle Street, Wellington
The home of the NZAOC, the Defence complex of Alexandra Barracks included the Central Districts Ordnance Depot, located on the corner of Taranaki and Buckle Street and the Armament Workshop, which was located on the site where the current museum is.
Central Districts Ordnance Depot
The Ordnance Depot for the Central Districts, it maintained a number of sections including Clerical, Store and Maintenance, with specialist subsections such as Boot (new and repair), Sailmaker (Textile repair) and clothing.[3]
Boot Section
The total quantity of boots received from manufacturers during the 1918/19 period was;
- 51,693 pairs shoes (deck),
- 6,552 pairs.
When drafting specifications for the supply of boots in 1918, it became evident that several adjustments were necessary to enhance comfort and durability compared to the 1917 pattern. Special fittings were added to the toes of all military lasts used by manufacturers to provide more room in that area. Short, stout puffs were also introduced to prevent undue pressure on the wearer’s toes. These improvements resulted in no complaints regarding discomfort.
Furthermore, a special tanning process was employed for the sole leather, specifically suited for military use, which proved satisfactory in wear tests. Only 95 pairs of boots were rejected during this period, primarily for minor faults. Notably, there were no instances where manufacturers deliberately deviated from specifications; overall, both workmanship and materials consistently met the required standards.[4]
On account of the shortage of military footwear in England during the 1918/19 period, shipments to England to equip returning members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force before leaving for New Zealand were;
- boots (ankle) 42,900 pairs,
- shoes (deck), 14,000 pairs,
To satisfy demands made in New Zealand, the following issues were made
- Boots (ankle, regulation), 29,886 pairs,
- boots (light and special), 68 pairs;
- shoes (deck), 9,845 pairs.
The stock of in store as of June 1919 comprised;
- boots (ankle, regulation) 5,092 pairs,
- shoes (deck) 7,684 pairs,
The Central District’s Ordnance Depot also maintained a Boot-repair Factory. During the 1918/19 period, the output of the boot-repair factory had been equal to all demands, with all repairs required for Trentham and Featherston Camps and districts being satisfied. The total quantity of boots repaired from the 1st of June 1918 to the 31st of May 1919 was
- 12,709 pairs, at an average cost of 5s. Id. per pair.
- 13 pairs of shoes (deck) at an average cost of Is. 7d. per pair.
All materials used in repairing boots and shoes were of the highest quality obtainable, and the results given in wear proved to be highly satisfactory. The repair process was as follows;
- Before repairing, all boots are thoroughly disinfected by immersion in a kerol (disinfectant) solution and water.
- They were then pulled onto perfect-fitting lasts,
- necessary repairs were carried out,
- and the sizes stamped on the soles.
- The next process is cleaning and blocking. This is done in the following manner
- The boots are pulled on perfect-fitting followers,
- the uppers thoroughly washed in a mixture of soap and lukewarm water.
- While the leather is in a mellow state all creases and wrinkles in the uppers are rubbed out,
- the boots are then put aside for twenty-four hours’ drying.
- After this period the uppers are thoroughly treated with dubbin, which not only penetrates the pores of the leather (thus rendering them watertight) but also has a mellowing effect upon the uppers, making them equal in pliability to those of new boots.
- The boots are then taken off the followers and placed in storage-bins ready for use.
After this treatment, the boots were in excellent condition, both from a serviceable and sanitary point of view. As of 30 June 1919, 4,600 pairs of boots had been treated in this manner, and these figures were added to (approximately) at the rate of forty pairs daily until the present stock of boots in store for repairs (estimated, after allowing for rejections, at 4,000 pairs) was exhausted. From 1918, two disabled returned soldiers were trained in boot-repairing and successfully transitioned into civil life. The Repatriation Department sent up three more disabled returned soldiers for similar training.
Miscellaneous stores
With the cessation of hostilities, supplies of miscellaneous stores were reduced to a minimum consistent with estimated requirements. Due to the Influenza, all tentage was placed at the disposal of the Public Health Department.
Clothing
The deliveries of all clothing into the Central District’s Ordnance Depot during the period had been most satisfactory, with practically nil complaints from the various manufacturers for the good work delivered. The condition of stock in the Department was good, with no sign of moth damage visible. Hospital clothing and linen issued to the various hospitals were of very good quality. In obtaining supplies of linen, shirting, pillow-cotton, and Turkey twill towels from New Zealand manufacturers, the NZAOC supplies a good hard-wearing article and saves a great deal in cost as against local purchases. The installation of the power plant in the Sail-makers’ Section was beneficial and allowed a vast quantity of goods, such as sheets, slips (pillow), neckerchiefs, and cloths (table) to be made up.
The NZAOC stock of cholera belts on the cessation of hostilities totalled 19,850, this was essentially dead stock which was re manufactures into shirts (flannel, hospital) and drawers (flannel). The cost of this work is 2s. 6d. per garment. This innovation has proved a success and has enabled the NZAOC to put to good use articles which were considered as useless. Three belts are required to make each flannel shirt, and two belts are required to make each pair of flannel drawers. New flannel shirts cost 10s. 6d. each, and drawers 8s. 6d. each.
It was considered advisable to take steps to protect the Kapok mattresses from damage owing to the wires on beds rusting from perspiration. To this end, the Sailmakers’ Section converted some 1,500 cotton blankets not considered suitable for issue into mattress protectors.
The renovation of Hats (felt) has also been undertaken and put to good use. The cost of the renovation was 3s., which included new leather chin-straps, restocking, and cleaning of the hood. The work was most satisfactorily performed, with some 1,500 hats subjected to renovation, enabling the NZAOC to reissue hats that in the past were not considered suitable.
The work on garment renovation was a complete success during the year. This scheme put to good use articles that formerly would not have been used again. All garments were thoroughly disinfected when being laundered, and all fear of contagion was eliminated.
During this period, the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the United Kingdom was supplied from NZAOC stocks with;
- Jackets, 25,000
- trousers, 15,040
- shirts work, 42,952
- shirts, under, 18,056
- drawers, pairs, 18,015
- jerseys, 24,760;
- socks, pairs, 39,068
- putties, pairs, 15,096
- boots, pairs, 42,900
- shoes, pairs, 14,000.
The Forces in Egypt were supplied with:
- Jackets, 2,000.
The total value of these articles was £153,600.
Armament Workshop
During the war, components for the repairs of small arms had been hampered by difficulties obtaining spares from England. As a wartime expedient, obsolete MLE rifles, once converted by the Armament Workshops to charger loading and sighted for modern ammunition, were issued to the Trentham and Featherston camps. On the cessation of hostilities, these rifles were refurbished and redistributed to the four districts by the requirements of the Training Branch as follows:[5]
- Auckland, 753
- Wellington, 2,163
- Canterbury, 2,126
- Otago, 958.
Produce
The NZAOC earned good revenue from the sale of waste products. During the 1918/19, £3,520 was paid into the Public Account regarding produce sales.[6]
Featherston Camp
On the cessation of hostilities, control of the greater part of the administrative work of Featherston Camp came under the jurisdiction of the NZAOC, the satellite camps were closed, and many of the buildings of the Canvas Camp were dismantled and removed to Trentham. Stores on issue to the various schools at Featherston were either transferred to the Schools of Instruction at Trentham, with the balance distributed among the four districts. Outstanding accounts to local vendors were settled and matters placed on a sound commercial basis. Rented areas were cleared and rendered fit for return to the lessors.[7]
Trentham Camp
As with Featherston, administrative control of parts of this camp was placed under the jurisdiction of the NZAOC, and general cleaning up on similar lines to that carried out at Featherston was carried out. A large staff of artisans was employed in the construction of hospital buildings and general alterations to existing buildings.
In both camps, the demobilization of troops and the subsequent cleaning up, stocktaking, and balancing of ledgers.
Trentham Ordnance Workshops
During 1918, the Trentham workshops had been working at full capacity with 16,000 articles, such as coffins and tables manufactured or repaired. This work was carried out in addition to new hospitals and entailed using 344,207 square feet of timber and 25,278 square feet of three-ply. A large quantity of musketry equipment and office furniture was also manufactured in the Trentham workshop, saving the need to purchase from the commercial market at inflated prices. Machinery for a second-class Ordnance workshop has been ordered through the High Commissioner, London.
Hospital and Vocational training infrastructure
On the 9th of January 1919, the NZAOC took the Railways and Works Department responsibilities for Trentham Camp. This responsibility included the maintenance of Trentham. Camp and alterations to several hutments into hospital accommodation. The hospital alterations were as follows: [8]
- Ten hutments, 22 ft. by 140 ft. Lined and converted into hospital wards, with necessary kitchen, Duty Sister’s room, and lavatory accommodation
- Four and a half hutments are divided into cubicle accommodation for Sisters, Nurses, and V.A.D.s. There are dining and sitting rooms for Sisters and V.A.D.s, and a self-contained kitchen for the female staff employed in Trentham Military Hospital.
In addition to the above, provision was made for X-ray plant and a plaster-room. Alterations were also affected in the operating-theatre. A new septic tank capable of dealing with the sewerage of 1,000 persons was constructed. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining skilled carpenters and plumbers the progress of the work was somewhat slow. Further works have been carried out for educational and vocational training.
As part of the vocational training scheme for returning servicemen, Huts were fitted out for training in:
- carpentry,
- tailoring,
- boot making,
- commercial training,
- book-keeping,
- basket making,
- leather-work,
- surgical boots and splint making, and
- acetone welding.
The provision was also made to install a hot-water system for the new hospital quarters.
Ordnance Ammunition Section at Fort Ballance
The Ammunition Section at Fort Balance destroyed a large number of B.L. cordite cartridges owing to deterioration but were replaced from stocks of material held by the Ammunition Section. About 3,000 rounds of Q.F. ammunition was made up during the year, and 1,000 rounds altered to conform with later specifications. The annual proof of percussion fuzes, friction tubes, etc was also successfully carried out.[9]
NZAOC as Quartermasters
The accounting, care, and custody of stores by units had generally been unsatisfactory, with units failing to fulfil their responsibilities as outlined in the Regulations of the New Zealand Military Forces. In response, eleven NZAOC Staff Sergeants were seconded as Quartermaster-Sergeants to these units. Their task was to rectify the situation and bring the units’ store accounts up to standard. This initiative proved successful, as subsequent audits revealed few, if any, deficiencies.
However, it became evident that many units lacked adequate storage facilities, leaving numerous items vulnerable to theft or damage. As a result, many items had to be transported back to regional Stores Depots for secure storage.[10] [11]
Due to the success of the emergency measures of NZAOC Staff Sergeants into units as Quartermaster-Sergeants, an amendment to Army regulations was published on 3 October 1918 to make the management of Quartermaster Sergeants a NZAOC responsibility. The amendments were as follows;[12]
83. Group and Unit Quartermaster-Sergeants will belong to and be trained by the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps, and when posted for duty in districts will be borne as supernumeraries on the establishment of that corps. They will be included in the effective strength of the group or unit in which they are actually serving and will be so accounted for in periodical returns for those groups or units. In so far as the questions of efficiency, leave, and duty are concerned, Quartermaster-Sergeants will be under the direct supervision of the A.Q.M.G. of the district, and will be directly responsible to the Group or Unit Commander, as the case may be, for the performance of their respective duties as Group or Unit Accountants. They will devote the whole of their time to the accounting, care, and custody of public property on issue
Influenza Epidemic
Under the management of the Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores, Major Thomas McCristell, the 123 men of the Ordnance Corps equipped the various emergency hospitals with over 300 beds, supplied the stores and supervised the hospital arrangements and general machinery of each establishment in and about Wellington, so that by 20 November the following hospitals and convalescent hospitals had been established:[13]
Hospitals
- Normal School, 91 women,
- Sydney street Schoolroom, 41 men.
- Missions to Seamen, 65 men.
- St. John’s Schoolroom, 67 men and women.
- Alexandra Hall, 20 men.
- Wellington College, 105 men and women.
- St. Patrick’s College, 48 men.
- Brooklyn Hall, 32 men and women.
- Johnsonville, 23 men and women.
- Seatoun, 10 men and women.
Convalescent Hospitals
- St. Thomas’s Hall, 35 men.
- Wellington Convalescent Home, 24 women.
- Salvation Army Training College, 16 women.
- St. Anne’s Hall, 30 men.
Untended Children’s Home
- Miramar Golf Club, 56 children
The 1916 census listed the population of Wellington as 95235, deaths in Wellington attributed to the influenza were 795 which gave Wellington a death rate of 7.9 per 1000. This rate was slightly higher than Auckland but well below the death rate found in other North Island Locations which was as high as 43 per 1000.[14] It would be optimistic to believe that the work carried out by the Ordnance Corps in establishing emergency hospitals contributed to Wellingtons low death rate.
The Ordnance men were not immune to the effects of the Influenza, and at one stage 7O men were laid up with influenza, placing extraordinary demands onto the very much reduced staff.[15] Private F.W Maynard, a 35-year-old Ordnance Soldier, died as a result of the complications caused by Influenza on the 28 November.[16]
By December 1918 the influenza epidemic was under control, and the crisis has passed with the emergency hospitals progressively shut down. Much of the credit to the success of the setting up and management of the emergency hospitals were placed directly on Major McCristell and his team from the Ordnance Corps.
Sport
On 23rd September 1918, a rugby team from the NZAOC defeated a team from Base Records by 12 to 5. Later that evening, both teams and other staff members gathered for a smoke concert. Major T. M’Cristell, Director of Army Ordnance and Supplies, chaired the event, which was enjoyed with musical performances and speeches, making for a very pleasant evening.
Another football match took place on Saturday, 12th October, between the NZAOC and Base Records, resulting in a decisive 11 to 3 victory for the NZAOC. Captain King and Private Batchelor scored tries for the NZAOC, with Quartermaster-Sergeant Maclntyre converting one. While both teams displayed good form, the NZAOC forwards proved superior to those of Base Records. Lieutenant Valentine scored a penalty goal for the losing team, and Mr. R. Fordyce officiated as referee.
Ordnance Branch Picnic
The annual picnic of the Ordnance Branch was held at Day’s Bay on 12 February 1919 under altogether favourable conditions. There was an attendance of between three and four hundred, and the presence of so many children prompted General Sir Alfred Robin to remark during the presentation of the sports prizes that such a happy gathering of young folks augured very well for the Ordnance Branch of the future. The picnickers left town by the Duchess at 1015 a.m., picking up the Rarotongan contingent from Somes Island on the way, and engaged in a day’s sport and pleasure. Lieutenants Austin and Miller, with Corporals Flynn and Barnett as judges, supervised the sports arrangements, and Corporal J. Brown was an efficient secretary. A cold luncheon was provided in the pavilion, and later afternoon tea was served on the grass.[17]
Farwell
One of the largest gatherings of members of the Ordnance Staff took place on 19 May 1919, at the Buckle-street depot to bid farewell to Staff Sergeant Major Donald McIntyre, who, after 17 years’ service is severing his connection with the Defence Department to take up duties with the firm of E Morris. Sergeant Major McIntyre joined the service after his return from the Boer War. Major McCristell in making the presentation on behalf of the staff, regretted the loss. of such a loyal and well-respected member. The presentation took the form of a substantial cheque, a silver tea service, a silver rail oak tray, and a silver cake stand. Sergeant-Major McIntyre led last season in the- batting and bowling averages of the cricket, team, and Captain King, on behalf of the members of the team presented him with a bat for his batting record, and a silver hot water jug for his bowling average. He also expressed regret at losing the services of such an excellent member of the team and trusted that Sergeant-Major McIntyre would always keep in touch with them, and become, an honuary member of the sports committee.[18]
Personnel Movements -July 1918 to June 1919
Transfers
- Lance Corporal Edward McManus Sharpe from Trentham to be Range Warden at Redcliff’s Range, Christchurch.[19] [20]
- Quartermaster Sergeant Major Quayle to Hawera Defence Office as Group Quartermaster. [21]
- Lieutenant Albert Austin from the N.Z. Permanent Staff, July 3, 1918.[22]
- Lieutenant Walter N. Bates, from the N.Z. Permanent Staff, July 3 1918[23]
Promotions
- Conductor James M. Miller, NZAOC to lieutenant NZAOD 3 July 1918.[24]
- Conductor William H Manning, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant. 4 July 1918.[25]
- Conductor William Ramsey, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant 4 July 1918.[26]
- Staff Sergeant-Major William E. Luckman, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant 4 July 1918.[27]
- Lieutenant Alfred W. Baldwin, NZAOD appointed camp quartermaster, Featherston Military Camp and is granted the temporary rank of-captain whilst so employed (November 18 1918).[28]
Enlistments
- 198 Private Daniel Brett
- 200 Private Alfred Healy de Vere
- 201 Private Christopher Greeshaw
- 203 Private Richard Rowe
- 204 Private Benjamin Studley
- 206 Private John Sheehan
- 207 Private Orecchio Natale
- 209 Private A.K Simpson
- 211 Cadet John Lines
- 213 Private William Saul Keegan
- 215 Private Samuel Victor Forsythe
- 220 Cadet Frederick Stephen Forster Shell
- 221 Cadet Harry William Miller
- 228 Private Thomas Graham Niven
- 239 Private Edward John Treweek
- 241 Private Theodore Norris
- 246 Private Thomas Bowman
- 253 Private Charles James Gardiner
- 254 Private James Gorman
- 263 Private McKenzie Denis Horneman
- 268 Private James Alexander Kenning
- 269 Private George Kermode
- 273 Private Thomas Ellwood Lyle
- 293 Artificer Michael Scollard
- 294 Private Richard Brady Simpson
- 297 Private George Steventon Thompson
- 299 Private Peter Tulloch
- 318 Private Frank Joseph Shacklock
- 329 Private Harold Fraser White
- 332 Private Hugh Patrick Duffin
- 343 Private Tom John McGrath
- 348 Private Leonard Robertshaw
- 354 Private William Varian Wilson
- 361 Private Josiah Phethean
- 366 Private William Henry Murdoch
- 368 Private James King
- 381 Private Henry Steele
- 382 Private George Priestley Smith
- 392 Private Robert O’Brien
- 393 Private John Naylor
- 395 Private Orlando Max Adams
- 407 Private James Crone
- 409 Private John de Rungs
- 414 Private Allen Gibbs
- 418 Private William Henry McCarthy
- 424 Private Phillip Thomas Labatt
- 431 Private John McVean Walker
- 432 Private Reginald Andrew Ross
- 436 Private John Raymond Johnson
- 438 Private Leonard Alexander Tall
- 441 Private Montagu Spotswood
- 446 Private Cecil Balcombe Langridge
- 453 Private Harold Rigby
- 462 Private William Ernest George
- 477 Private Lawritz Christopher Jansen
- 478 Private Andrew Robert Murphy
- 480 Private James Herbert Turner
- 493 Private William Parry Mortimore
- 515 Private Thomas Edward Mills
- 518 James McEntee
- 553 Private Martin Joseph Power
- 555 Private Gray
- 562 Private Herbert Edward Rogers
- 563 Artificer Gerald Bridge
- 574 Artificer Henry James Day
- 580 Private Robert James Kennedy
- 589 Private James O’Malley
- 590 Private Petersen Julius
- 594 Private James Gordon Sievwright
- 595 Private Albert Sydney Smith
- 601 Private James Pritchard
- 605 Private Walter Edward Cook
- 617 Private Horace James Richards
- 634 Private John Morrison
- 654 Private Lewis Freeman Keys
- 669 Lance Corporal Thomas William Cooper
- 675 Private Benjamin Smith
- 680 Private Egbert Edwin White
- 687 Private George Quayle
- 690 Private John Miller
- 695 Private William Cyril McGill
- 697 Private William Gibbons
- 714 Private Kennith Hoare
- 718 Private Peter Douglas Adamson
- 948 Lieutenant Michael Joseph Lyons
- 1001 Private Arthur James Kelly
Releases
- 211 Cadet John Lines
- 220 Cadet Frederick Stephen Forster Shell
- 28 Private Robert James Kennedy
- 66 Private Harry Stephens Jupp
- 70 Private Walter Ernest Hamilton Knowles
- 101 Private Michael Joseph Rees
- 115 Private Alfred William Sparkes
- 131 Private George Yates
- 161 Private Herbert Clarence Martin
- 170 Private Benjamin Disraeli Wigton
- 179 Private Paul Ernest Morris
- 184 Private Frederick Charles Valentine Martinson
- 188 Private Robert Park
- 189 Private Percy Deaker Owen
- 190 Private John Joseph Lynch
- 191 Private James Laurence Lord
- 198 Private Daniel Brett
- 201 Private Christopher Greeshaw
- 203 Private Richard Rowe
- 204 Private Benjamin Studley
- 206 Private John Sheehan
- 207 Private Orecchio Natale
- 215 Private Samuel Victor Forsythe
- 239 Private Edward John Treweek
- 297 Private George Steventon Thompson
- 332 Private Hugh Patrick Duffin
- 361 Private Josiah Phethean
- 381 Private Henry Steele
- 382 Private George Priestley Smith
- 395 Private Orlando Max Adams
- 414 Private Allen Gibbs
- 432 Private Reginald Andrew Ross
- 438 Private Leonard Alexander Tall
- 562 Private Herbert Edward Rogers
- 589 Private James O’Malley
- 594 Private James Gordon Sievwright
- 595 Private Albert Sydney Smith
- 654 Private Lewis Freeman Keys
- 695 Private William Cyril McGill
- 811 Private Henry Edward Franklin
- 64728 Private Frederick Maynard
- 34 Lance Corporal Cecil Martin Ellison
- 149 Lance Corporal Lionel Bust Foster
- 37 Corporal James Flynn
- 67 Corporal Martin Henri Kearney
- 48 Conductor Mark Leonard Hathaway
- 137 Sergeant Horace Eugene Waller
- Captain Robert Vinning Parker
- Lt. (Hon Capt Temp.) W. T. Beck, DSO posted to the Retired List, with the hon. rank of Capt., and permission to retain his rank and wear the prescribed uniform.[29]
Deaths
- Frederick William Maynard, Influenza 28 November 1918[30]
Notes:
[1] “New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps Regulations,” New Zealand Gazette, No 95, June 7 1917.
[2] “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1919).
[3] Ibid.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Ibid.
[10] “Defence Stores,” Dominion, Volume 12, Issue 10, 7 October 1918.
[11] “H-19d Conference of Defence Department Officers (Notes by) on Criticisms, Suggestions and Recommendations as Contained in the Report of the Defence Expenditure Commission,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1918).
[12] “Amending the Regulations for the Military Forces of New New Zealand,” New Zealand Gazette No 135 (1918): 3429.
[13] “Revelations,” New Zealand Times, Volume XLIII, Issue 10133, 22 November 1918.
[14] Manatū Taonga – Ministry for Culture and Heritage, “North Island Influenza Death Rates, 11 January 2018,” https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic/north-island-death-rates.
[15] “Under Control,” New Zealand Times, Volume XLIII, Issue 10131, 20 November 1918.
[16] “Soldiers Deaths,” Evening Post, Volume XCVI, Issue 131, 29 November 1918.
[17] “Ordnance Branch Picnic,” Evening Post, Volume XCVII, Issue 36, 13 February 1919.
[18] “Untitled – Mcintyre,” Evening Post, Volume XCVII, Issue 117, 20 May 1919.
[19] “Personal _ Sharpe,” Dunstan Times, Issue 2962, 7 April 1919.
[20] “Edward Mcmanus Sharpe,” Personal File, Archives New Zealand (1914-1918).
[21] “Personal Items,” Hawera & Normanby Star, Volume LXXVII, Issue LXXVII, 9 May 1919.
[22] “Ordnance Branch,” Dominion, Volume 11, Issue 269, 2 August 1918.
[23] Ibid.
[24] Ibid.
[25] Ibid.
[26] Ibid.
[27] Ibid.
[28] “New Zealand Army,” Dominion, Volume 12, Issue 90, 10 January 1919.
[29] “Territorial Army,” Evening Post, Volume XCVI, Issue 73 1918.
[30] “Soldiers Deaths.”
