The Need for Change

The Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC) has historically played a crucial role in ensuring efficient supply and logistics management. Operating in an era far removed from today’s advanced technological landscape, the RNZAOC initially relied on manual processes for stores and inventory accounting. Although RNZAOC accounting procedures evolved over time, handwritten vouchers, ledgers and stock record cards continued to underpin much of the Army’s inventory management well into the twentieth century. The process was time-consuming, labour-intensive, and prone to human error, demanding exceptional accuracy. As modern logistics demands increased, inefficiencies in RNZAOC accounting practices became a growing concern.

By the mid-20th century, military supply chains worldwide began embracing mechanisation and digitalisation to improve operational efficiency. The transition to computerised supply accounting was therefore a significant and necessary evolution, aligned with broader Defence modernisation efforts.

This article traces the RNZAOC’s journey from manual record-keeping to electric accounting machines (EAMs) and, eventually, to fully integrated computer-based supply systems, which revolutionised military logistics in New Zealand. It covers developments from 1964 to 1990, detailing key milestones in military logistics automation.

The Hollerith Precursor, 1958

Although electronic data processing in 1964 marked a significant development in New Zealand Army supply accounting, efforts to mechanise aspects of equipment control began several years earlier.

Army Headquarters correspondence dated 6 May 1958 reveals that a census and stocktake of Class A stores was ordered for 30 June 1958. One of its principal purposes was to transfer Army Headquarters control records to the Hollerith machine system. The system had already incorporated vehicle records, and the census was intended to extend mechanised statistical control to other categories of military equipment.[1]

Hollerith technology employed punched cards and mechanical or electromechanical equipment to sort, count and tabulate information. Although fundamentally different from the electronic computers later introduced into Defence, it marked an important stage in mechanising military record-keeping.

The 1958 census required considerable administrative preparation. Units and Ordnance Depots were instructed to reconcile their holdings, finalise outstanding vouchers and verify item identification codes and quantities. The census period imposed movement restrictions on affected stores to preserve the accuracy of the records being transferred. Existing manual ledgers, census code lists, and adjustment vouchers remained essential to the process, showing that mechanisation supplemented, rather than immediately replaced, established accounting practices.

Another development was incorporating equipment serviceability classifications into Army Headquarters statistical records. Instructions issued in June 1958 required units to report changes in the condition of Class A stores through Equipment Casualty Returns.[2] These distinguished serviceable from unserviceable equipment and established procedures for reporting changes following repair, condemnation or reclassification. The arrangements required cooperation between units, Ordnance Depots and RNZEME workshops, linking equipment maintenance with centralised inventory control.[3]

These developments demonstrate that the Army had recognised the potential of mechanised record processing before the 1964 feasibility study into electronic data processing. However, the Hollerith system focused mainly on centrally maintained statistical and equipment control records, rather than the comprehensive accounting of receipts, issues, balances, and provisioning that would later become the focus of the RNZAOC electronic accounting programme.

The transition from manual records to computerised supply accounting was therefore evolutionary rather than immediate. Hollerith machinery, electric accounting machines, paper-tape processing, and subsequent mainframe systems represented successive, and sometimes overlapping, stages in modernising Army logistics information management.

Transition to the NATO Codification System and Evolution of Stores Accounting

Because of the historical connections between the RNZAOC and the British Army, the RNZAOC initially used the Vocabulary of Army Ordnance Stores (VAOS) system to categorise item part numbers. Nevertheless, as the relationship with the United States deepened and more US equipment entered service, the RNZAOC made a pivotal decision in 1968 to adopt the NATO Codification System. This transition replaced VAOS numbers with universally recognised NATO Stock Numbers (NSNs). NSNs are commonly associated with the United States Military as National Stock Numbers, which evolved from the Federal Stock Numbers developed during World War II. While the United States Government developed the codification system, NATO has long developed and augmented it into a global system.

Each Item of Supply is identified in the National Codification System by a unique 13-digit NSN. The NSN consists of three identifying parts:

• A four-digit NATO Supply Classification (NSC), also known as “Group Class,” this places the item into a group classification, for example, generators, aircraft engines, etc.
• A Two-digit Nation Code (NC) identifying the country assigned the NATO Stock Number. Examples of NCs are:
  • 00 and 01 – United States.
  • 66 – Australia.
  • 99 – United Kingdom.
  • 98 – New Zealand.
• A seven-digit Item Identification Number (IIN) which, together with the NZ, is unique to that item.

With the support of the United Kingdom, New Zealand gained admission to the NATO Codification community in 1969. Although the first official “98” NATO Stock Number (NSN) was assigned in December 1972,  NSNs with the “NZ” prefix had been in active use as far back as 1964. With many items still in the supply system with VAOS codes, it took time to harmonise and align the two codification systems. However, by the close of the 1970s, NATO Stock Numbers had been fully integrated into the New Zealand Army supply infrastructure.

As New Zealand transitioned into the NATO Codification community, and given that a significant portion of RNZAOC activities centred on procurement, provisioning, and stores accounting, steps were taken in the mid-1960s to modernise stores accounting processes.

The RNZAOC’s store accounting practices evolved from the initial systems established by the New Zealand Defence Stores Department in the 1860s and incorporated lessons learned since then. The ledger card was the cornerstone of these records. In 1980, many of the ledger cards the RNZAOC used had roots in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) Visidex system. The RAOC introduced the Visidex system in the late 1930s as a straightforward ledger card system to replace complex mechanical ledger-posting systems that had proven unsatisfactory.[4]  Initially implemented for wartime use within Ordnance Field Parks (OFPs), the Visidex system proved ideal because of its simplicity and minimal staff training requirements. Carbon-backed posting slips were used, enabling easy checks to be conducted. Each OFP section maintained a control office where all indents from units were received. The stock record was meticulously verified, the stock’s location within the OFP (where each truck served as a stock location) was identified, and the stock record was promptly updated. If the stock was available, it was immediately issued. When the stock was unavailable, it was recorded as “Dues Out,” and an indent was placed with the supporting Depot for replenishment, marked as “Dues In.”[5]  Each truck within an OFP also maintained its stock records, reconciled with each issue, receipt, and stocktake. The Visidex system’s robustness and simplicity made it the New Zealand Army’s primary field stores accounting system, a role it continued to fulfil well into the 1990s. In the context of the 1980s, the RNZAOC stores accounting system consisted of eight different ledger card systems:

• MD 310 Ledger card. Used by 1 Base Supply Battalion, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Supply Companies, and the New Zealand Advanced Ordnance Depot Provision, Control and Accounts (PC&A) Sections to manage Defence Inventory, less, Ammunition, Rations and Fuel and Articles in Use (AiU).
• MD 324 Loan Record Card. Used by Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items on long term loan (7 Days or more) to individuals.
• MD 329 Record of Stores Supplied on Temporary Loan. Used by Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items on short term (7 Days or less) loan to individuals.
• AFNZ 150 Stock Record Card. Used by RNZAOC Workshops Stores section to manage repair parts, assemblies and workshop material to suit the particular requirements of their parent workshops.
• AFNZ 169P Ammunition Account Card and AFNZ 171P Ammunition Lot/Data Card. Used by the Ammunition Provision Control and Accounts (APCA) section to manage serviceable and unserviceable ammunition.
• AFNZ 28 Supplies and FOL Ledger. Used by RNZAOC Supply Platoons to manage Foodstuffs, Fuel, oil and lubricants.
• AFNZ 162 Stock and Provision Record Card. Based on the Visidex card, the AFNZ162 was used by RNZAOC Field units to manage stock in operational environments.
• AFNZ 161 Store Ledger Card. Used by RNZAOC Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items in-store or on distribution under an MD502 Distribution Record.

Journey Towards Electronic Data Processing

The next major phase in replacing manual stores accounting began in 1964, with a feasibility study to introduce electronic data processing within the Army. By September 1965, a machine accounting system had been designed for Army use. However, the Army was not working in isolation, this was part of a broader Defence-wide initiative to introduce computerised accounting, with the Navy and Air Force developing parallel systems tailored to their specific needs.

The new system was intended to utilise electric accounting machines (EAMs) at ordnance depots and major camps. These machines updated records and punched data onto paper tape for processing at the Defence EDP Centre. However, at this stage, Defence did not yet have a central computer, so an arrangement was made to use the Treasury’s IBM 650 computer.

EAMs had arithmetic capabilities and could generate simultaneous, error-free postings, records, registers, and paper tape. Their introduction was expected to significantly reduce the number of records required, operate much faster than manual methods, and minimise audit queries.

Once the central computer processed the information produced by the EAMs, a timely and wide range of data became available, including:

• Daily provisioning information.
• Quicker identification of surpluses.
• Continuous extraction of shortfalls and bonuses.
• Status reports on demand, including requirement-resource comparisons over any desired range.

For the first time, the system aimed to provide a more accurate prediction of stock levels, enabling faster and more efficient service to units.

Phased Introduction of the System

From November 1965, the new system was to be introduced in four phases:

• Phase 1 – Main Ordnance Depot at Trentham
• Phase 2 – District Ordnance Depots
• Phase 3 – Main Camps and Logistic Support Group (LSG) Units
• Phase 4 – Other units, either through Camp machine installations or by direct computer input

During Phases 1 and 2, the EAMs were to function as a self-contained system with central control, which would commence fully in Phase 3.

Implementation Timeline

• November 1965 – Machines, ledger cards, and machine operators delivered to the Main Ordnance Depot. Card raising begins with a new type of ledger card.
• June 1966 – Planning begins at District Ordnance Depots.
• October 1966 – Balances machined on ledger cards at the Main Ordnance Depot. Automatic accounting commences, and output is prepared for the computer.
• Early 1967 – Planning commences at Main Camps and LSG units.
• June 1967 – Automatic operations begin at District Ordnance Depots.
• 1968 – Units outside of main camps are integrated into the system.

Training of EAM Operators

EAM operators were to be known as Data Operators. The RNZAF conducted a twelve-week training course for data operators. By September 1965, the Army had two trained operators, with four more about to begin training.[6]

Early Progress

By June 1966, the overall design of the EAM system, reporting to a central computer installation, was well advanced. The target date for the Main Ordnance Depot (MOD) was now set a month ahead of the original October 1966 schedule. Army had 6 Data Processors, 5 at the MOD and one at CDOD at Linton,

Since November 1965, MOD data processors had been raising cards using Flexowriter machines, which also produced punched paper tape for computer input. MOD also upgraded its facilities, completing the machine room at Trentham and fitting it with two NCR-33 accounting machines. Additionally, machine rooms were installed at Ngāruawāhia and Burnham, while a new facility at Linton was planned for completion in July 1966. Planning for machine rooms at Papakura and Waiouru had been finalised, but installation had not yet taken place.[7]

Proposals for a Defence computer installation were deferred in 1967, as the overall defence programming capability was weakened by the resignation of experienced staff who transferred to private industry. Initially, Defence policy aimed to advance computing in personnel, pay, and supply simultaneously. However, in 1967, priorities were reassessed, with supply taking precedence, followed by personnel and then pay.

The introduction of accounting machines at the Army’s Main Ordnance Depot (MOD) and the Navy’s and Air Force’s equivalent store depots meant all three services now operated with standard ledger cards and uniform procedures. This was a significant step forward toward a unified Defence supply system. Reliance on a mainframe computer continued, with the Treasury’s computer—now upgraded to an IBM 360—remaining in use.[8]

In July 1967, approval was granted for a Defence computer installation, and the rental of an International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) ICT-1902 was authorised for installation at the Defence EDP Division in Porirua. This necessitated Defence staff retraining and converting projects from the Treasury’s IBM 360 system to the new system. However, EDP work remained the priority, with supply taking precedence, followed by personnel and finance.[9]

By September 1968, Defence’s ICT-1902 computer was fully operational, supporting standard Defence systems. The following supply systems were in production:

• Stores Budgetary Control – Provided monthly reports by departmental expenditure code, detailing funds committed, paid, and outstanding for the Navy, Army, and Air Force. The system tracked approximately 400 vote code items and 90,000 stock lines.
• Federal Stock – Recorded receipt, issue, consumption, and provisioning data for 78,000 line items of U.S.-supplied equipment. This record was expected to expand significantly with the acquisition of A-4K Skyhawks and increasing U.S.-supplied equipment for the Army.
• Class A Stores – Tracked the location of all high-value and sensitive stores issued to Army units.
• Vehicles – Maintained records of all vehicles by unit, including a catalogue detailing vehicle types and associated equipment, such as tyres.[10]

At this stage, the Air Force, with a relatively new fleet of American aircraft, led the development of a Defence supply system. This system was envisioned to cover approximately 200,000 line items for the Air Force alone and would gradually be extended to the Navy and Army.[11]

1970–1990: Expansion and Modernisation

The Defence Force replaced the ICT-1902 mainframe with a more capable ICL 1903 mainframe in the early 1970s, improving its capacity to handle Defence logistics. Some key supply systems introduced during this period included:

• Stores Budgetary Control System – Monthly expenditure tracking for Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Federal Stock Control System – Managed 78,000 US-supplied military items, which was set to expand significantly with the acquisition of A-4K Skyhawks.
• Class A Stores System – Tracked high-value and sensitive Army inventory.
• Vehicle Fleet Management System – Monitored vehicle holdings, maintenance, and associated equipment.

The Sperry Era

By 1981, the NZDF’s computing capability had fallen behind contemporary industry standards. A major overhaul took place when the ICL mainframe was replaced with a Sperry UNIVAC 1100/60E mainframe.[12]  At the same time, a comprehensive data communications network was established, connecting major Defence locations to the computer at Porirua. This network featured 550 non-programmable (dumb) workstations across the defence infrastructure, each consisting of a keyboard and terminal.

 

The Sperry mainframe computer became fully operational by April 1982. However, because the S2 system was developed on an ICL 1903 computer, converting it to the Sperry system proved difficult. The system suffered severe conversion problems, paving the way for the Defence Supply System Retail (DSSR) project. The full implementation of DSSR was initially forecast for 1986/87. DSSR was conceived to extend the mainframe’s technology to the depot and unit level, automating functions performed by the ICL system with minimal enhancements. The anticipated benefits of DSSR included:

• A more responsive reporting facility.
• An electronic data record in place of ledger cards.
• Automatic production of vouchers.
• Automatic updating of stock files.
• An up-to-date central overview of the stock situation.
• Automated production of statistics at both HQ and unit levels.
• An instantaneous enquiry system at unit level.
• Less dependence by units on higher Headquarters for stock information.

By 1983, RNZAF Base Auckland had implemented the DSSR system, with 1 Supply Company at Ngāruawāhia migrating their MD310s into the DSSR system. This concerted effort positioned 1 Sup Coy to input ledger balances into the DSSR system once the necessary hardware, including terminals, keyboards, and printers, was installed and 1 Sup Coy personnel had completed their training. These milestones were successfully achieved by late March 1984. As 1 Sup Coy went live, other RNZAOC units were cleansing their records in anticipation of integration into the DSSR system. The transition from the NCR Machines to DSSR was not seamless, as the NCR machines were worn out and the vendor found them difficult to support. Units such as NZAOD and 4 Sup Coy had by 1984 reverted to a manual accounting system. Although labour-intensive, manual accounting using the MD310 was accurate, with stock figures held in PC&A Sections not too far out.[13]

DSSR was just one of the computer applications the RNZAOC used. By 1988, the SPERRY Mainframe at Porirua supported additional applications alongside DSSR. Running on a third-generation programming language known as COBOL, the most well-known COBOL programs included:

• POLI (Personnel On-line Inquiry).
• AIRMAIL (Personnel On-line PON Input).
• DSSR (Defence Supply Systems – Detail).
• LOGIC (Logistics Inventory Control).
• Finance Interrogation (RI) System.
• Finance Expenditure (RS) System.
• Finance Commitments (RC) System.

Another mainframe application the RNZAOC used was the Maintaining, Preparing, Producing Executive Report (MAPPER) application. Although it could be used for programming, it was resource-intensive, so computer production management staff favoured it less. The RNZAOC, along with the RNZEME, were significant users of MAPPER, employing it for:

• 1 BSB Stock Location System.
• Army Defect Reporting System (ADRS).
• Army Equipment Management System (AEMS).

The New Zealand Army Scales and Documentation Centre (NZASDC) Scales and Entitlements System was introduced in 1986, automating the production of equipment scaling documents. The NZASDC system was based on a PRIME computer and incorporated data and graphics. One selling point of introducing this system was that it allowed NZASDC staff to overcome an estimated backlog of 150 man-years. The budget for this system in 1985 was $0.579m (2023 $1,835,352).

By 1988, access to the Defence Integrated Database System (DIDS)was introduced, allowing for enquiries against all overseas-provided identification and technical information. This gave item managers access to other nations’ sources of supply.

Since the mainframe provided access to only limited applications and little scope for general computer familiarisation, the first Sanyo microcomputers were introduced into Defence in 1981. These offered access to programs for word processing, spreadsheets, and database access to Defence units. 1988 Defence expanded its microcomputer capability with a tender for a new range of microcomputers based on the IBM/MS-DOS standard. The selected machine was the 16-bit Compaq Deskpro 286. By the end of 1988, the number of Compaqs owned by Defence was over 700, with 140 installed within Army units. Standard software packages selected for these microcomputers include the following:

• WordStar 2000 Plus (Word processor)
• dBase III Plus (Database)
• Lotus 1-2-3 (Spreadsheet)
• SuperCalc4 (Spreadsheet)
• FrameWork 2 (Integrated package)
• SideKick (Desktop assistant)

The Defence Supply System Development (DSSD) project was initiated in 1986 as the second phase to replace the NCR accounting machines and ledger cards in stockholding units, with the first phase, DSSR, implemented during 1983/5. Both DSSR and DSSD were considered interim solutions due to the urgency dictated by the inability to support the NCR accounting machines beyond 1988.

The Defence Supply Redevelopment Project (DSRP) was launched in 1986 to find a lasting solution. The goal was to replace the temporary DSSR and DSSD systems while tackling persistent issues like repairable item management and performance measurement.

Resource limitations made it impractical to develop both projects (DSSD & DSRP) in parallel and wasteful to develop both as interim solutions. Analysis of the fundamental problems with the supply system identified during the first phase of DSSR pointed to DSSD as a reasonable, simple and achievable data integrity and management solution.

DSSD was confirmed in 1987 as the baseline supply system for later enhancement by DSRP. This has involved a change in scope to allow repair processing and retail functions with DSSD replacing DSSR with more comprehensive processing. Upon completion of DSSD, the system was intended to provide a stable online supply system with the essential features of a supply accounting and replenishment system in basic form, allowing the New Zealand military to meet its operating requirements. The planned implementation phases for DSSD were:

• Construct item identification records and complete depot purification by March 1988.
  • 1 Base Supply Battalion (1BSB) trial and conversion by March 1989.
  • Enhance 1 BSB office facilities and convert Air and Navy depots by January 1990.
  • Retail prototypes by September 1990.
  • Enhanced retail facilities and complete conversion by January 1991.
  • Develop future DSRP modules such as performance measurement starting in 1990.

With DSSR rolled out to most RNZAOC Units by 1987. However, the DSSD development team encountered difficulties with the LINC development environment, delaying the pilot system rollout at 1BSB until late 1989.

To enhance field support capabilities, the RNZAOC initiated computer experimentation in 1988. A significant milestone occurred during the 1988 Force Maintenance Group (FMG) Annual Camp when the 21 Supply Company was introduced to a mainframe terminal, granting access to the DSSR. Another notable advancement at the FMG Annual Camp involved the trial of a computer-based Frequency of Issue (FOI) calculation system designed and coded using dBase III. This system drastically improved efficiency, enabling the Ration Platoon staff to complete forty-eight man-hours of work in just four hours. Following this success, the FOI program underwent a thorough evaluation by a Quality Review Team established by the Directorate of Ordnance Services (DOS). It was subsequently extensively redeveloped and renamed COMRAT.

During the 1989 Exercise Golden Fleece, the exercise area was equipped with mainframe terminals to support 21 Supply Company, the Ordnance Support Group (OSG), and Workshop Stores Sections. Additional general-purpose terminals were deployed at the New Zealand Force and FMG Headquarters. Strong data communication links were established to the Defence mainframe through Telecon data circuits and RNZSigs radio relay facilities.

Furthermore, COMRAT was tested and evaluated by RNZAOC units deployed on Exercise Golden Fleece in New Zealand and on Exercise Taiaha Tombak X in Malaysia, utilising hardware in the form of a ‘ruggedised’ GRiDCASE laptop or Hewlett-Packard Portable Vectra CS laptop. These innovative approaches aimed to validate the procedures and facilities required to support logistics elements deployed alongside operational forces. However, the outcomes varied, showing both successes and challenges. While progress was evident, a fully deployable logistics solution remained a work in progress.

As the 1980s drew to a close, the RNZAOC began shifting from manual to technology-driven supply accounting. Since the late 1960s, the RNZAOC achieved significant milestones, including adopting NSNs, implementing networked and standalone computer systems, and initiating modernisation projects like DSSR and DSSD. These advancements represented a profound evolution in New Zealand’s military logistics.

This two-decade effort laid the foundation for rapid development in the 1990s. Despite various challenges, these advancements paved the way toward a more efficient, streamlined approach to military supply management. Importantly, they positioned the RNZAOC to lead in this transformative journey.

The RNZAOC’s transition marks a major paradigm shift in military logistics, reflecting its full embrace of modern technology and methods to improve the effectiveness and precision of supply management. While this article provides a simplified overview, it is hoped to be a catalyst, inspiring further in-depth research into this crucial aspect of New Zealand’s military logistics history.

Conclusion: Laying the Groundwork for Future Innovations

The evolution of supply accounting within the RNZAOC was not a sudden transformation that began with the electronic data processing studies of the 1960s. Evidence that Hollerith punched-card records were in use by 1958 shows that the Corps had already begun moving towards mechanised supply accounting before the formal Defence EDP programme emerged. This early use of machine-readable records bridged manual ledger-card accounting with the electric accounting machines, paper-tape processes, and computer-based systems that followed.

From this foundation, the period from the late 1950s to 1990 saw the RNZAOC move progressively from labour-intensive manual accounting to increasingly centralised, standardised, and automated systems. Each stage reflected the same enduring requirement: to know what was held, where it was held, what was required, and how the Army could sustain itself more effectively. The adoption of NATO codification, the use of mechanised accounting methods, the development of Defence EDP, and the later introduction of more integrated computer-based supply systems were all part of this wider progression.

By 1990, the Corps had moved far from handwritten records, manual ledgers, and punched cards to computer-supported supply accounting. The change was not simply technical. It changed how stores information was captured, processed, reported, and used for decision-making. In doing so, it laid the groundwork for the logistics information systems that followed and demonstrated the RNZAOC’s continued ability to adapt its accounting practices to meet the changing needs of the New Zealand Army.

Notes

[1] Army Headquarters, ‘Census and Stocktake of Class “A” Stores’, Army 246/1/132/Q(Org), 6 May 1958, CEME Correspondence, PDF pp. 72–74.

[2] Army Headquarters, ‘Equipment Casualty Returns: Class “A” Stores’, Army 246/1/132/Q(Org), 24 June 1958, CEME Correspondence, PDF pp. 60–61.

[3] Army Headquarters, ‘Census Code List No. 1 — Amendment No. 3’, Army 246/1/132/Q(Org), 12 August 1958, CEME Correspondence, PDF pp. 49–50.

[4] Brigadier A.H Fernyhough C.B.E. M.C, History of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps 1920-1945 (London: Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1965), 213.

[5] P.H. Williams, War on Wheels: The Mechanisation of the British Army in the Second World War (History Press Limited, 2016), 73.

[6] Army 246/1/12 Introduction of Electronic Data Processing into Stores Accounting Systems-NZ Army Dates 30 Sept 1965. “Stores – Account for General Instructions,” Archives New Zealand Item No R17188987  (1964 – 1967).

[7] Defence EDP Division 38/4/3 EDP Stores Accounting Systems Dated 28 June 1966. “Stores – Account for General Instructions.”

[8] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1967,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1967 1967).

[9] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1968,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1968 1968).

[10] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1969,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1969 1969).

[11] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1970,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1970 1970).

[12] New Zealand. Parliament, Parliamentary Debates: House of Representatives (1983).

[13] Major J.S Bolton, A History of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Trentham: RNZAOC, 1992).