The RNZAOC Icon: A Symbol of Heritage and Functionality

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The RNZAOC Icon, a proud symbol of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC), encapsulates the Corps’s heritage and functionality in a single design. Designed by Major T.D. McBeth (DOS 83-86) in 1971 at the direction of the sitting DOS Lieutenant Colonel GJH Atkinson (DOS 68-72), the cover design cleverly combined various aspects of the RNZAOC and was initially utilised as the cover design for the RNZAOC Newsletter the ‘Pataka’ and on unit plaques.

Description of the design

The design cleverly and meaningfully combines various elements that define the RNZAOC. Its foundation is the NATO map symbol for an ordnance unit, a stylised shield placed over two crossed swords, symbolising the core mission of the Corps: providing logistical and ordnance support to the New Zealand Army.

Design Colour

The icon incorporates the traditional ordnance colours of red, blue, and red, reflecting a heritage that dates back to the Board of Ordnance (1400s to 1855) and its historical connections with the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. In the New Zealand context, these red and blue colours were prominently used on the Corps’ flag, tactical patches and signs, stable belts, and other insignia.

Symbolic Quadrants: A Visual Narrative

At the centre of the shield lies the RNZAOC badge, a symbol representing the history and legacy of the RNZAOC. This badge is related to the Colonial Storekeeper and subsequent organisations responsible for managing the New Zealand Army’s stores since 1840. It also signifies the alliance of the RNZAOC with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and its broader family membership of the Commonwealth Ordnance Corps family.

The RNZAOC badge is surrounded by four distinct quadrants, each representing a unique aspect of the Corps.

Top quadrant

The top quadrant of the icon features a Traditional Māori Pātaka storehouse, an elevated structure historically used by Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, to store food, tools, weapons, and other valuables. These intricately designed buildings were central to Māori culture, serving practical and symbolic purposes.

The Maori Pataka is a small elevated outdoor house used for storing food or provisions. Most were not carved. Carved Pataka were only used to store precious treasures such as greenstone, jewellery, weapons, and cloaks. The more elaborate the carvings, the more important the person whose possessions were stored within. Photo Credit: https://www.virtualoceania.net/newzealand/photos/towns/queenstown/nz2481.shtml

In the context of the RNZAOC Icon, the Pātaka symbolises the Corps’ heritage and emphasises the essential role of sustainment storage and resource management. The Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps (RNZASC) managed this function from 1910 until 1979, when responsibility for supply tasks such as rations and fuel was transferred to the RNZAOC.

Right quadrant

The right quadrant depicts a contemporary warehouse, symbolising the RNZAOC’s evolution into a modern organisation. This element reflects the Corps’ adoption of advanced infrastructure and practices to manage military supplies efficiently, demonstrating its commitment to meeting the demands of contemporary logistics.

The RNZAOC Award-winning warehouse at TGrentham was constructed for $1.6 million in 1988. In addition to the high-rise pallet racking for bulk stores, a vertical storage carousel capable of holding 12,000 detail items was installed later.

Bottom quadrant

The bottom quadrant features an RL Bedford truck, which was upgraded to the Unimog in 1984. This familiar workhorse of the New Zealand Army symbolises the Corps’ field operations. It highlights the vital role of the RNZAOC in efficiently ensuring that resources reach the front lines.

Left quadrant

The Left quadrant features the ‘Flaming A’ of the Ammunition Trade, representing the critical role of the Corps in handling, storing and supplying munitions, a responsibility that demands precision, expertise and dedication.

New Zealand Ammo Tech ‘Flamming A” Insignia with fern fonds adopted in 1988 to provide a unique New Zeland flavour to the insignia.

Central bar

The blue central bar of the icon is styled like a spanner, symbolising the RNZAOCs links as the parent Corps of the Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RNZEME) and modern technical functions, including RNZAOC Workshops Stores Sections located within RNZEME Workshops, Tailors Shops, and Textile Repair Sections.

Variations of the Icon

Over the years, the RNZAOC Icon evolved. In 1984, the image of the RL Bedford truck was updated to feature the Mercedes-Benz Unimog, which replaced the RL Bedford after its retirement in 1989, following 31 years of service.

The Icon was also adopted as the base design for unit plaques, with some units placing the RNZAOC Crest above the Icon and substituting it in the centre of the icon with a symbol relevant to their specific unit.

A Long-term Legacy

The RNZAOC icon is a visual homage to the Corps’ diverse contributions and rich legacy. Blending traditional, modern, and operational elements highlights the RNZAOC’s steadfast dedication to supporting New Zealand’s defence capabilities. This emblem connects the past, present, and future, symbolising identity and pride for those who have served in the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps. As the icon of the ‘To the Warriors Their Arms’ website, it pays tribute to the RNZAOC and all the antecedent corps that now form part of the RNZALR, ensuring their memory and significance remain relevant.

Materials Handling Equipment (MHE) in the New Zealand Army, 1988

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Materials Handling Equipment (MHE) is often an overlooked yet critical component of military logistics, providing the backbone for efficient movement and management of supplies and equipment across the supply chain. Despite its essential role, MHE frequently suffers from neglect regarding investment, modernisation, and strategic planning.

In 1988, recognising the operational necessity of MHE, the New Zealand Army highlighted its importance in enhancing logistics efficiency and operational adaptability. This recognition was formalised in the Army Equipment Policy Statement (AEPS) No. 63, updated in 1989, which provided a framework for the development and employment of MHE within the Army.

This article examines the New Zealand Army’s approach during this period, exploring the capabilities, policies, and operational roles assigned to MHE. By reflecting on these measures, this article underscores the often-underappreciated significance of MHE and the need for sustained attention to ensure this vital capability continues to meet modern operational demands.

The Scope of AEPS No. 63

AEPS No. 63, updated in September 1989, established clear guidelines for MHE—equipment primarily designed for materials handling. It excluded items with secondary materials-handling roles, such as engineer plant, air delivery, or recovery equipment, while advocating for consideration of these items during acquisition to maximise their utility.[1]

Definitions and Standardisation

AEPS No. 63 introduced precise definitions to guide the Army’s logistical operations:

  • Materials Handling: Movement of materials across warehouses, production processes, and shipping areas.
  • Container Handling: Management of ISO containers, modular shelters, and specialised military modules.
  • Standard Pallet: The NATO pallet had specific dimensions (1000mm x 1200mm x 175mm).
  • Special Purpose Pallets: Customised for specific loads or transport types, such as 436L air transport pallets.
  • Standard Unit Load (SUL): Defined dimensions for palletised, non-palletised, or containerised loads.

The categorisation of MHE into Depot MHE (designed for paved surfaces) and Field MHE (capable of operating on uneven or soft ground) ensured a tailored approach to logistics.

ISO Containers and Modular Shelters

The Army’s MHE policy detailed specific container and shelter requirements:

ISO Containers

  • 20-Foot (6.10m) 1C Cargo Container: Maximum gross weight of 24,000kg; tare weight of 2,230kg.
  • 10-Foot (3.05m) 1D Cargo Container: Maximum gross weight of 10,160kg; tare weight of 1,260kg.

Modular Shelters

  • 20-Foot (6.10m) 1C Shelter: Gross weight of 3,000kg.
  • 13-Foot 2in (4.012m) 1DX Shelter: Specialist shelters with tare weight of 15,800kg and gross weight of 4,000kg. Over 80 in service, across eight varients
    • Quartermaster
    • Machine/Welding
    • General Engineering
    • Automotive Repair
    • Small Army Repair
    • 230VAC Repair
    • Binner Storage
    • Automative Repair
  • 10-Foot (3.05m) 1D Shelter: Prototype variant used for peacetime storage.
  • 1EX Shelters (Steel and Aluminium): Dimensions and weights varied, tailored for roles such as Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and radio signal units.
New Zealand Army 13′ Shelter Non-Expandable

Operational Necessity of MHE

MHE’s primary role was to handle bulk equipment and supplies efficiently, minimising manual labour and maximising logistical throughput. Key operational requirements included:

  1. Depot and Field MHE to manage the Army’s range of ISO containers and modular shelters.
  2. Compatibility with the logistic supply chain for handling bulk supplies from home bases to forward operational areas.
  3. Use of ISO Containers for bulk movement, primarily within logistics hubs, while palletised loads extended to unit echelons.

MHE usage spanned all points of the supply chain, including:

  • Point of Entry (POE): Comprehensive MHE and container handling equipment (CHE) to manage diverse loads.
  • Forward Maintenance Group (FMG): Similar to POE but with less CHE capabilities and more reliance on modular distribution systems (MDS)
  • Brigade Maintenance Area (BMA): Limited range of MHE and MDS for further bulk-breaking.
  • Unit-Level Support: Field MHE to handle specialised and palletised combat supplies.

Desired Characteristics of MHE

To meet the operational requirements, MHE was expected to possess the following attributes:

  1. Field MHE:
    • Mobility on and off-road.
    • Medium all-wheel drive capability.
    • Operability across a range of climatic conditions.
    • Compatibility with tactical transport systems and NZ Army fuel standards.
  2. Depot MHE:
    • Operability on paved surfaces.
    • Compliance with civil standards.
    • Versatility in aisle widths and container de-stuffing.
    • Use of multiple fuel types, including electricity.

MHE in Service (1988)

The New Zealand Army maintained an extensive inventory of MHE, categorised as Depot MHE, Field MHE, and Modular Distribution Systems (MDS). Key equipment included:

Depot MHE

  • Forklifts from brands like Lansing Bagnall, Toyota, and Komatsu, with capacities ranging from 1000kg to 10,000kg.
  • Electric forklifts for ammunition areas.

Field MHE

  • Rough terrain forklifts, including;
  • 22 x Leesander RT25.
  • 3 x Hough models.
  • 2 x Eager Beavers utilised by 5 Movements Squadron, RNZCT.[2]
Leesander RT25

Modular Distribution Systems

  • MDS ranging from 2-tonne to 10-tonne capacities, complemented by 10-tonne lifting beams.
Modular Distribution Systems (Container Lifting Device) https://mdsc-systems.ee/en/references/lifting-devices/

Strategic Interoperability and International Standards

The Army’s MHE policy emphasised standardisation with equipment used by allies, ensuring seamless interoperability. Key guidelines and standards included:

  • STANAGs: Specifications for field and depot MHE.
  • ISO Standards: Governing modular shelters and containers.
  • Overseas Studies: Leveraging insights from ABCA, Australia, Canada, and the UK.

Distribution Policy

The distribution of MHE was tailored to align with operational requirements, with RNZAOC units holding the majority of the equipment, followed by RNZCT units, and smaller quantities allocated to other Army units. This arrangement prioritised strategic deployment to maximise logistics efficiency and maintain operational readiness.

Conclusion

In 1988, MHE was a vital asset for the New Zealand Army, forming the backbone of efficient logistics operations in both peace and conflict. The AEPS No. 63 established a comprehensive framework for the acquisition, deployment, and standardisation of MHE, paving the way for the phased retirement of RT25s and Eager Beavers in favour of more capable Skytrak 10000NZ RFTL and Matbro RFTL from 1995. By facilitating bulk handling of supplies and equipment, MHE significantly reduced manpower demands while enhancing operational efficiency, underscoring its indispensable role in New Zealand’s military logistics.

Notes

[1] “Equipment and Supplies – Overall Policy – Material Handling Equipment,” Archives New Zealand Item No R7934643  (1988).

[2] “Equipment And Supplies – Overall Policy – Medium Lift Rough Terrain Forklift  (4000- 5000 kg),” Archives New Zealand Item No R6822831  (1983-1995).

New Zealand Army Stores Accounting (1939-1944): Overcoming Wartime Supply Challenges

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Between 1939 and 1944, the New Zealand Army’s home-front logistics functions undertook a monumental task. They faced significant obstacles in maintaining accurate record-keeping and inventory control, dealing with challenges such as limited storage capacity, a shortage of experienced personnel, and high turnover rates.  At the peak of this period, nearly 200,000 regular, Territorial, and Home Guard troops were mobilised and dispersed in numerous units across New Zealand and the Pacific, all in need of weapons, ammunition, clothing, and equipment. The scale of their operation was immense, and their efforts were crucial to the war effort. Supplying and maintaining this force, especially as they were dispersed and many required specialised and technical resources, was a testament to the dedication and resourcefulness of the personnel tasked with stores accounting.

With allied forces unable to stem the Japanese offensive in Asia and the Pacific and invasion likely, the situation’s urgency demanded swift and efficient mobilisation. However, the constant reshuffling of personnel and frequent transfers of equipment and ammunition between units added further complexity. Organisational changes and equipment shortfalls were frequent, compounding the difficulty of building up and sustaining military readiness at home while supporting New Zealand’s deployed forces overseas. Despite these hurdles, the New Zealand Army’s logistics efforts achieved significant milestones. Their resilience and adaptability in the face of immense national and global pressure are a source of admiration.

The Accounting System

Like the armies of Canada and Australia, the New Zealand Army was organised and equipped in line with British doctrine, with the New Zealand Army General Staff determining the Army’s organisation with local modifications to fit New Zealand’s unique requirements. These organisational structures were formalised through three main types of documents:

The Order of Battle (ORBAT): This outlined the number and composition of formations, detailing the units they commanded following the General Staff’s policy decisions.

The War Establishment (WE): This document specified each unit’s authorised staffing and structure, which were, in most cases, identical to the British Army war establishments.

The Unit Equipment Table (Form NZ 483): These defined each unit’s authorised stores and equipment. Examples of Equipment Tables approved from July 1939 were:[1] [2]

  • Form NZ 483-2: – HQ of a Mounted Rifle Brigade
  • Form NZ 483-3: – HQ of Infantry Brigade
  • Form NZ 483-5: – HQ of Infantry Brigade and Attached Troops
  • Form NZ 483-6: – HQ of a Medium Regiment, NZ
  • Form NZ 483-21: – A Mounted Rifle Regiment (Horse)
  • Form NZ 483-22: – A Mounted Rifle Squadron (Motorised)
  • Form NZ 483-23: – An Independent Mounted Rifle Squadron
  • Form NZ 483-24: – A Motor Regiment
  • Form NZ 483-32: – A Medium Battery
  • Form NZ 483-52: – A Field Company, RNZE
  • Form NZ 483-61: (a) – HQ of a District Signals Company
  • Form NZ 483-61: (b) – No 1 Sect, A District Signals Company
  • Form NZ 483-61: (c) – No 2 (M.R Brigaded Section) A District Sigs Coy
  • Form NZ 483-61: (d) – No 3 (Fd Arty Bde Sect) A District Sigs Coy
  • Form NZ 483-61: (e) – No 4 (Med Arty Bde Sect) A District Sig Coy
  • Form NZ 483-61: (f) – No 5 (Inf Bde Sect) A District Sig Coy
  • Form NZ 483-71: – An Infantry (Mixed) Battalion
  • Form NZ 483-72: – An Infantry (Mixed) Battalion (Fortress)
  • Form NZ 483-73: – No 2a (LMG) Platoon, for a Fortress Bn
  • Form NZ 483-76: – A Detached Rifle Company, National Military Reserve
  • Form NZ 483-81: – A Composite Company, ASC
  • Form NZ 483-82: – A Reserve MT Company, ASC
  • Form NZ 483-83: – A Composite Company, AHQ Reserve Group
  • Form NZ 483-91: – A Field Ambulance (Mechanised)
  • Form NZ 483-101: – A Light Aid Detachment, NZAOC

Changes to the unit organisation often stemmed from General Staff policy decisions regarding equipment scales—such as weapons, vehicles, and wirelesses—resulting in corresponding amendments to the War Establishments and Unit Equipment Table Form NZ 483 tables.

Each unit maintained both ‘peace’ and ‘war’ establishments. While the peace establishment included reduced personnel and resources for peacetime training, the war establishment detailed the full complement of men and equipment needed for active service. From 1939, regular and territorial units in New Zealand began mobilising to war strength with reservists, integrating the Territorial Force and recruits through the New Zealand Temporary Staff (NZTS), marking the shift to a wartime footing.

With an established table of what stores they should hold, A unit or sub-unit knew exactly what equipment they were responsible for, including spades, shovels, axes, etc. They would also have items of controlled stores usually identified with a serial number – the controlled stores would include compasses, binoculars, wristwatches, etc., which, when issued, would be signed for. When losing a controlled item, a Board of Inquiry was conducted to establish the circumstances of loss and determine who (usually the soldier) should pay for it.

The Company Quartermaster Sergeant (CQMS), whose rank could be Sergeant, Staff Sergeant of Warrant Officer Class Two, or, of course, the Company Commander, was responsible for the accountability of the unit or sub-unit stores. Standards of accountability for unit stores varied, with some units conducting regular kit checks and publishing lists of soldiers with deficiencies and the amount they owed in unit routine orders.

Manual Systems and Administrative Burden

The Army stores accounting system applied to all units of the New Zealand Army. It was based on a unit ledger, supported by inventories, vouchers, schedules, and scales of issue, which recorded all store items and transactions in the unit. All entries in ledgers were to be supported by a voucher, and all vouchers were cleared by posting to the ledger or annotated with a reference to another voucher or to the point of issue. Stores could only be struck off charge by one of the following:

  • An Issue Voucher, signed by the recipient of the stores
  • A Certificate Issue Voucher, where the recipient was not required to sign for the stores
  • A Board of Survey or Certificate of Condemnation
  • By an application to write of Army Stores

Units such as NZAOC depots, MT Branch depots, mobilisation units and Camp Quartermaster Stores were classed as accounting units. They managed their stocks with a ledger card system using the NZ161 Ledger card.[3]

Field Force units maintained their NZ Equipment Table as the main ledger, recording all items issued to the unit and their distribution.

Photograph of World War II servicewomen unloading pillows. Ref: PAColl-8846. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22327559

 While effective, the system was inflexible compared to today’s digital Inventory Management systems. Under the pressures of wartime, maintaining rigorous documentation proved challenging, and adherence to procedural norms was sometimes relaxed to expedite supply to forces in the Pacific and Home Defence.

Mobilisation and Training Impact

In 1941, brigade and district manoeuvres escalated the army’s activity tempo, and early in 1942, the entire Territorial Force was mobilised, and tactical responsibilities with the Home Guard were formalised. Many units operated in active service conditions, with newly trained Quartermasters and staff often lacking prior military store management experience. The potential threat of invasion by Japanese forces added a sense of urgency and pressure, making training and equipping all available troops the top priority, even if it meant sacrificing strict clerical accuracy.[4]

Members of the New Zealand Home Guard receiving equipment. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch:Photographs relating to World War 1939-1945. Ref: DA-00477. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22871820

Before total mobilisation, many of the Regular and Territorial Force personnel and civilian staff skilled in stores accounting had deployed overseas with the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) in the Middle East or with the Brigade Group in Fiji. This left domestic units staffed by officers and NCOs with limited military stores experience, often stationed in field locations without adequate storage facilities. Despite these challenges, the dedication and commitment of these officers and NCOs were unwavering, even as ongoing personnel rotation severely hindered inventory management.

Progress in Accounting Practices

By late 1943, the strategic situation had stabilised, and the threat of invasion was removed, with the demobilisation of the Home Guard and Territorial Force underway by early 1944. As part of this process, comprehensive audits of unit accounts were conducted. Despite some losses due to unrecorded stores, the overall value of missing inventory remained relatively low compared to the total volume managed. The following table presents the total amount written off from April 1939 to March 1944, which was £259,200 (equivalent to $28,119,860 in 2024).

Note that “Deficiencies” – representing faulty accounting – contributed £84,710 ($9,165,191.67 in 2024). Including estimates for undetailed years, this figure suggests that deficiencies represented less than 40% of the total write-offs.[5]

Reflecting on Wartime Logistics and Accountability

During the peak demand period of 1942 and early 1943, stores accounting took a secondary role to the urgent need to supply the mobilised units efficiently. The New Zealand Army was not only receiving large shipments of war material from the United Kingdom and North America but also managing the distribution of substantial volumes of the same equipment for both Pacific deployments and Home Defence, prioritising speed over strict procedural adherence. While this approach led to some irregularities, major scandals were avoided, and only minor cases of misappropriation occurred. This flexibility demonstrates the staff’s pragmatic approach to balancing efficiency and accountability under extreme conditions, ensuring operational needs were met without compromising integrity.

Lessons for Contemporary Military Stores Accounting

This analysis provides a perspective for modern logistics professionals, especially when using contemporary data management systems. Despite the sophisticated features of these platforms—like precise tracking and real-time reporting—the effectiveness of these tools is often linked to the skills and judgment of the personnel who operate them. The lessons from the New Zealand Army’s wartime experiences demonstrate that the strategic use and flexibility in stores accounting can be crucial in emergencies. However, suppose the benefits of the modern systems are not being fully realised. The root cause likely lies in the organisation’s skill sets for managing and leveraging these resources.

Rigidly following procedures can sometimes hinder progress, just as it did in the past when wartime conditions demanded quick and adaptable responses. For today’s logistics leaders, the real challenge is recognising when to exploit the flexibility offered by modern data systems and when to relax procedural controls. Balancing this requires training and experience, especially in crises where the pressure to deliver supplies efficiently can tempt managers to bypass standard processes. While this may be necessary temporarily, the quick restoration of standard procedures is essential to maintaining accountability and data quality.

The key is adaptability, but only to the extent that it does not lead to long-term compromises in record-keeping and operational integrity. If modern data management tools are underperforming, investing in staff training and developing the necessary expertise could ensure these advanced systems are used to their full potential.

Notes

[1] “New Zealand Equipment Tables -Provisional,” New Zealand Army Order 164  (1 July 1939).

[2] “New Zealand Equipment Tables -Provisional,” New Zealand Army Order 216  (1 October 1941).

[3] “FORMS AND BOOKS: Forms adopted,” New Zealand Army Order 266  (1 October 1939).

[4] “QMG (Quartermaster-Generals) Branch – September 1939 to March 1944,” Archives New Zealand Item No R25541150  (1944).

[5] “Appendices to Report on QMG (Quartermaster-General’s) Branch,” Archives New Zealand Item No R25541151  (30 June 1944).

Mechanised Mobilisation: New Zealand’s Military Vehicle Expansion September 1939-March 1944

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Occasionally, photos emerge on various internet forums, capturing a striking scene: a vast lineup of vehicles at the Mangere Ordnance Sub Bulk Depot, freshly returned from New Zealand’s 3rd Division after its service in the Pacific. These images display Bren Gun Carriers, trucks, and tanks awaiting inspection, repair, redistribution, or disposal. However, these powerful visuals often come with little context, typically identified only as vehicles from the 3rd New Zealand Division with no connection to the broader motorisation of the New Zealand Military between 1939 and 1944.

This article delves into the remarkable expansion of New Zealand’s military vehicle fleet between 1939 and 1944—a fleet that grew from a mere 62 vehicles in September 1939 to a staggering 22,190 by March 1944. The vehicles captured in the Mangere photos represent about 11% of this massive expansion, marking a crucial chapter in New Zealand’s military history.

3 NZ Division vehicles parked at Main Ordnance Depot, Mangere Sub Bulk Depot on their Return from the Pacific in 1944 (Colourised). Alexander Turnbull Library

Prelude to War

A prevailing myth suggests that New Zealand allowed its military to shrink during the interwar period, leaving the country ill-prepared for the outbreak of war in 1939. Contemporary studies echo this sentiment, claiming that New Zealanders were no better equipped for war than their fathers had been during the First World War. While there is some truth to this narrative, a closer examination of the broader activities of the New Zealand Army from 1934 to 1939 reveals a more nuanced story.

Despite material and personnel deficiencies, the New Zealand Army demonstrated a keen awareness of global events and the changing nature of warfare. This awareness, combined with meticulous and thorough updates to military doctrines and preparations, ensured that New Zealand could swiftly mobilise the basic framework of an expeditionary force and the necessary resources to sustain it in the long term, should war break out. The Army’s profound understanding of the international situation provided a sense of security and confidence in its ability to respond effectively.

From the mid-1930s, the New Zealand military closely observed the mechanisation efforts of the British Army, which had been updating its doctrines throughout the decade. The British military had transformed into a mechanised force with some of the era’s most advanced weapons and equipment. The Field Service Regulations (FSR), the tactical bible of British Commonwealth armies, underwent several revisions, reflecting the British Army’s commitment to learning from past mistakes.[1] Following the British lead, the New Zealand Army endeavoured to stay abreast of these developments, demonstrating its commitment to strategic planning and learning from history.

Initial Mechanisation

When war was declared in September 1939, the New Zealand Military Forces possessed a total of 62 vehicles, consisting of:

  • Six motorcycles
  • Two cars
  • 54 trucks and tractors

These were not outdated relics from the First World War but the latest military models imported from the United Kingdom in the late 1930s. This modest re-equipment initiative, which began in 1934, aimed to align New Zealand’s military hardware with that of peer forces in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.

With a clear understanding of the demands of mechanised warfare, a significant inventory of vehicles for impressment in times of national emergency was compiled in 1935. These vehicles were categorised by type, carrying capacity, and horsepower. A total of 20 types of vehicles were identified, including

  • 10,818 Fords,
  • 5,915 Chevrolets,
  • 1,654 Dodges, and
  • 1,466 Morris’s

culminating in a record of 26,839 trucks, trailers, tractors, and omnibuses. [2]

The Organisation of National Security (ONS) convened the Transport Industry (Supply) Subcommittee to organise and implement the impressment scheme. This subcommittee drafted the first version of the Motor-Vehicle Impressment Emergency Regulations in May 1939, followed by a second draft in August. Although these regulations were enacted on 4 September 1939, impressment did not commence immediately due to a lack of immediate need for a mobile home defence force. The Transport Legislation Emergency Regulations 1940 further allowed suspending any transport-related legislation necessary to prosecute the war.

Supported by this legislative framework, the New Zealand Military Forces implemented plans to requisition and purchase vehicles from New Zealand’s motor assembly factories and retailers. Between September 1939 and March 1944, 9,879 vehicles were put into service with the New Zealand Military Forces. These vehicles were then supplemented with additional purchases from New Zealand distributors and suppliers to ensure the expanding military forces were adequately equipped.[3]

Table 1 – Impressed and New MT Vehicles purchased in NZ from Distributors up to 31 March 1944
Chevrolet 4×4 truck used by the army circa 1940. Ref: 1/2-036839-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22809745

Cooperation with Allies

With remarkable speed, New Zealand transitioned its economy from peacetime to wartime, focusing on ensuring it could support its deployed forces and contribute effectively to the global war effort. The Government implemented initiatives to provide security in international trade and commerce. In July 1940, the New Zealand Minister of Supply and a small delegation of officials engaged in talks with their Australian counterparts to strengthen cooperation between the two nations. [4]

In October 1940, the Eastern Group Conference convened in Delhi with the primary objective of coordinating a joint war supply policy for the United Kingdom, Australia, India, South Africa, New Zealand, and other territories including East Africa, Palestine, Ceylon, Burma, Malaya, and Hong Kong, with the Government of the Netherlands East Indies attending as observers. This conference led to the formation of the Eastern Group Supply Council (EGSC) in Delhi, tasked with coordinating and optimising the production and distribution of war materials across the British colonies and dominions in the Eastern Hemisphere. [5]

New Zealand contributed four Government officials and two officers from the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (NZAOC). Concurrently, in New Zealand, the War Cabinet approved the establishment of the New Zealand Defence Services Provision Officer (DSPO) to facilitate coordination between the EGSC and New Zealand.

In March 1941, the United States passed the Lend-Lease Act, under which New Zealand became eligible to trade in November 1941. A New Zealand Supply Mission was established in Washington, DC, to manage Lend-Lease agreements and cash requisitions. Upon the United States’ entry into the war, a Joint Purchasing Board was set up in New Zealand, streamlining processes and reducing delays by liaising directly with the New Zealand Commissioner of Supply and pre-screening eligibility and priority requirements through an Allied Committee in Washington, DC.

Full Military Mechanisation

As the war progressed, New Zealand’s motor industry proved its ability to adapt to wartime demands by shifting production to essential materials such as grenade bodies, mortars, and 560 Bren gun carriers manufactured by General Motors. This adaptability underscored New Zealand’s resourcefulness in times of conflict.

By March 1944, in addition to the vehicles impressed and purchased since 1939, an additional 15,097 different types of vehicles were acquired by cash purchases or through the Lend-Lease programme. While some arrived in New Zealand as complete vehicles, 11,797 were received as knocked-down kits to conserve shipping space and assembled locally.

Table 2 – MT Vehicles Assembled in New Zealand

Many vehicles arrived as bare chassis with specialist bodies to allow them to perform the vast array of functions required by the military. By 1940, the New Zealand Railway Workshops had constructed speciality Breakdown and Workshop bodies, with the broader New Zealand industrial base constructing 11,703 load-carrying and specialist bodies tailored to New Zealand’s needs by March 1944.

11,321 specialist bodies were manufactured for the Army, 275 for the RNZAF, one for the Navy, and 106 for the United States Forces.

Table 3 – Bodies built in New Zealand for MT Vehicles
Inside the factory of Standard Motors (probably Standard Motor Bodies Ltd), Wellington, during World War II, showing workers stretching sheet metal that will form bodywork on an army truck. Photograph taken between 1939 and 1945 by the National Publicity Studios. New Zealand. Ref: PAColl-0783-2-0431. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23114774
Table 4 – Total purchases of new vehicles by manufacturer and country of origin up to 31 March 1944 (Includes new Vehicles purchased directly from distributors in NZ (5089) and from United States Forces (145)

Pacific Garrisons

From 1940, New Zealand established garrisons in Tonga, Fiji, and Norfolk Island. In 1943, the 3 (NZ) Division was deployed to New Caledonia, conducting amphibious operations in the Solomon Islands. These deployments included 3,630 vehicles, ranging from motorcycles to tanks. To address shortages, 145 vehicles were taken over from United States Forces. Over time, 730 vehicles were returned to New Zealand, 23 were transferred to the RNZAF, and 467 were sold to local forces. By March 1944, New Zealand forces in the Pacific retained 2,604 vehicles.

Table 5 – MT Vehicles supplied to, received by and on hand with 3 NZ Division 31 March 1944
Table 6 – MT Vehicles supplied to, received by and on hand with Tonga Force, 31 March 1944
Table 7 – MT Vehicles supplied to, received by and on hand with Fiji Force, 31 March 1944
Table 8 – MT Vehicles supplied to, received by and on hand with Norfolk Force, 31 March 1944

Between 1939 and 1944, the vehicles received by the New Zealand Army at home and in the Pacific were not exclusively retained. By March 1944, 8,108 vehicles had either been transferred to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in the Middle East, RNZAF, and Navy or sold to the United States Forces, foreign governments, other government departments, or private owners. Surprisingly, only 83 vehicles were written off charge.

Table 9- Schedule showing all transactions in MT Vehicles – Sept 1939 to 31 March 1944

The Mechanical Transport Branch

Recognising the urgent need to expand and manage the Army’s Mechanical Transport fleet, the Quartermaster General (QMG) Colonel Henry Esau Avery established a separate Mechanical Transport Branch (MT Branch). This move allowed the NZAOC to focus on its core responsibilities, with the MT Branch managing and maintaining the multitude of purchased or impressed vehicles required by the military. Drawing from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) experience in the United Kingdom, the MT Branch wisely recruited extensively from New Zealand’s motor industry into the New Zealand Temporary Staff (NZTS), ensuring a wealth of specialised knowledge and experience was brought to the forefront of this critical military function.

In December 1942, the MT Branch consisted of:

MT Workshops:

  • 1 MT Workshop, Trentham
  • 2 MT Workshop, Waiouru
  • 3 MT Workshop, Papakura
  • 4 MT Workshop, Whangarei
  • 5 MT Workshop, Palmerston North
  • 6 MT Workshop, Wellington
  • 7 MT Workshop, Blenheim
  • 8 MT Workshop, Burnham
  • 9 MT Workshop, Dunedin

MT Depots, which provided pools of vehicles:

  • 1 MT Depot, Auckland
  • 2 MT Depot, Hamilton
  • 3 MT Depot, Napier
  • 4 MT Depot, Wanganui
  • 5 MT Depot, Christchurch

MT Stores Depots, supplying MT spares, tools, and equipment for MT Workshops and Depots:

  • 1 Base MT Stores Depot, Wellington
  • 2 MT Stores Depot, Auckland
  • 3 MT Stores Depot, Wellington
  • 4 MT Stores Depot, Christchurch
  • 7 MT Stores Depot, Blenheim

By March 1944, with reduced military activity in New Zealand and the demobilisation of home defence units established in 1941/42 to counter potential invasion, the MT Branch underwent reorganisation into a streamlined structure, which included Stores and Equipment Sections, Workshops, Vehicle Holding Parks, and Vehicle Reception Depots. However, wartime personnel shortages meant that the MT Branch could only muster 1,255 officers and soldiers, approximately 75% of its authorised capacity of 1,674 officers and soldiers.

Parts and Spares

Up to 31 March 1944, the MT Stores Depots had handled the following quantities of tyres and MT Parts and spares:

Tyres

  • 180 different sizes of tyres
  • Purchased from overseas – 83,174
  • Purchased in New Zealand – 12,534
  • Total Purchased – 95,708
  • Transferred to Supply Department – 11,018
  • Other issues – 28,700
  • In stock 31/3/1944 – 55,990
  • Used tyres recapped and re-treaded – 9,983
  • Reconditioned tyres reissued – 7,301
  • Reconditioned tyres in stock 31 March 1944 – 2,682

MT Parts (Not including body-building material)

  • Received from overseas (Total of 9,182 Tons)
  • Wheeled vehicles, parts- 20,472 Packages
  • Tracked vehicles and parts – 39,408 Packages
  • Tracked vehicles, tracks – 8,280 Bundled
  • Packages broken down and binned – 23,895
  • Packages transferred to United States Forces – 1,050
  • Packages in Bulk Store – 43,215

Shipments of MT Parts and Tyres to the Pacific

  • 3 Division – 1,149 Tons
  • Fiji – 406 Tons
  • Tonga – 112 Tons
  • Norfolk – 30 Tons

Conclusion and Lessons Learned

This article explores the dramatic expansion of New Zealand’s military vehicle fleet during World War II, highlighting the country’s transition from a small force with only 62 vehicles in 1939 to an impressive 22,190 vehicles by 1944. This growth was crucial to New Zealand’s military preparedness and response during the war, reflecting a strategic adaptation to the demands of mechanised warfare.

A common misconception persists that New Zealand was ill-prepared for World War II due to the neglect of military readiness during the interwar period. However, this article argues that the New Zealand military was, in fact, acutely aware of global military developments and took proactive steps to modernise its forces in anticipation of potential conflict. By closely following the mechanisation efforts of the British Army, New Zealand updated its doctrines and prepared for the rapid mobilisation of resources.

At the outbreak of war, the New Zealand Military Forces possessed a modest but modern fleet of vehicles, which was quickly expanded through impressment (the requisition of civilian vehicles) and new purchases. A comprehensive inventory of potential impressment vehicles was compiled in the mid-1930s, and by 1939, regulations were in place to facilitate the requisition of vehicles as needed.

Cooperative efforts between New Zealand and its allies, primarily through the Eastern Group Supply Council and the Lend-Lease Act, allowed the country to acquire additional vehicles and equipment. New Zealand’s motor industry also adapted to wartime demands, producing essential military vehicles and parts, including 560 Bren gun carriers.

By 1944, New Zealand’s military vehicle fleet had grown substantially, with vehicles serving both at home and in various Pacific garrisons. This expansion was managed by the MT Branch, a specialised unit within the military that oversaw the maintenance and distribution of vehicles. Despite challenges such as personnel shortages, the branch effectively supported New Zealand’s military operations throughout the war.

Lessons Learned:

Strategic foresight and adaptation played a pivotal role in the New Zealand military’s preparedness and effectiveness during World War II, as it anticipated and responded to the demands of mechanised warfare through meticulous strategic planning and doctrinal updates.

The establishment of the MT Branch, alongside a comprehensive logistical framework, ensured that the military could efficiently manage and sustain its rapidly expanded vehicle fleet. New Zealand’s success in acquiring and managing military vehicles was further bolstered by close cooperation with allies, mainly through initiatives like the Lend-Lease Act and the Eastern Group Supply Council.

The adaptability of New Zealand’s motor industry to wartime production needs highlights the critical importance of a robust domestic industrial base in supporting military efforts. Additionally, pre-emptive planning and detailed inventory management, including a comprehensive record of potential impressment vehicles, enabled New Zealand to mobilise and sustain its military forces rapidly. The effective distribution and redistribution of vehicles across different operational theatres underscored the importance of flexibility in resource allocation during wartime.

In conclusion, the mechanisation of New Zealand’s military during World War II was a significant achievement that contributed to the country’s wartime efforts and provided valuable lessons for contemporary military logistics and strategic planning.

Table 11 – MT Vehicles by type in possession of Army in New Zealand and Pacific – 31 March 1944

Notes

[2] “Supply – Munitions and Equipment – Supply of defence vehicles from local sources,” Archives New Zealand Item No R18872527  (1934-1945).

[3] “Appendices to Report on QMG (Quartermaster-General’s) Branch,” Archives New Zealand Item No R25541151  (30 June 1944), .

[4] “Unity in War Effort,” Evening Star, Issue 23622, 8 July 1940, https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19400708.2.42.

[5] Bertram Stevens, “The Eastern Group Supply Council,” The Australian Quarterly 13, no. 3 (1941),https://doi.org/10.2307/20630952, http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/stable/20630952.

The Evolution of Computerised Supply Accounting within the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps,  1964-1990

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The Need for Change

The Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC) has historically played a crucial role in ensuring the efficient supply and management of military logistics. Operating in an era far removed from today’s advanced technological landscape, the RNZAOC initially relied on manual processes for stores and inventory accounting. These methods, virtually unchanged since the 1860s, required handwritten vouchers, ledgers, and ledger cards to track all transactions. The process was time-consuming, highly labour-intensive, and prone to human error, requiring exceptional accuracy. As the demands of modern logistics increased, inefficiencies in RNZAOC accounting practices became a growing concern.

By the mid-20th century, military supply chains worldwide were beginning to embrace mechanisation and digitalisation to improve operational efficiency. Therefore, the transition to computerised supply accounting was a significant and necessary evolution, aligned with broader Defence modernisation efforts.

This article traces the RNZAOC’s journey from manual record-keeping to introducing electric accounting machines (EAMs) and eventually to fully integrated computer-based supply systems, revolutionising military logistics in New Zealand. It covers developments from 1964 to 1990 and details key milestones in military logistics automation.

Transition to the NATO Codification System and Evolution of Stores Accounting

Owing to the historical connections between the RNZAOC and the British Army, the RNZAOC initially employed the Vocabulary of Army Ordnance Stores (VAOS) system to categorise item part numbers. Nevertheless, as the relationship with the United States deepened, and more US equipment entered into service, a pivotal decision was made in 1968 to embrace the NATO Codification System. This transition replaced VAOS numbers with universally recognised NATO Stock Numbers (NSNs). NSNs are commonly associated with the United States Military as National Stock Numbers, which evolved from the Federal Stock Numbers developed during World War II. While the United States Government created the codification system, it has long been developed and augmented into a Global System by NATO.

Each Item of Supply is identified in the National Codification System by a unique 13-digit NSN. The NSN consists of three identifying parts:

  • A four-digit NATO Supply Classification (NSC), also known as “Group Class,” places an item into a group classification, such as generators or aircraft engines.
  • A Two-digit Nation Code (NC) identifying the country assigned the NATO Stock Number. Examples of NCs are:
    • 00 and 01 – United States.
    • 66 – Australia.
    • 99 – United Kingdom.
    • 98 – New Zealand.
  • A seven-digit Item Identification Number (IIN), together with the NZ, is unique to that item.
Example of pre 1972 New Zealand NSN using “NZ” instead of “98”. Robert McKie Collection

With the support of the United Kingdom, New Zealand gained admission to the NATO Codification community in 1969. Although the first official “98” NATO Stock Number (NSN) was assigned in December 1972,  NSNs with the “NZ” prefix had been in active use as far back as 1964. With many items still in the supply system with VAOS codes, it took time to harmonise and align the two codification systems. However, by the close of the 1970s, NATO Stock Numbers had been fully integrated into the New Zealand Army supply infrastructure.

Example of pre 1972 New Zealand NSN using “NZ” instead of “98”. Robert McKie Collection

Simultaneously, as New Zealand transitioned into the NATO Codification community, and considering that a significant portion of RNZAOC activities centred around procurement, provisioning, and store’s accounting, steps were taken in 1964 to modernise the processes related to store’s accounting.

The store’s accounting practices within the RNZAOC had evolved from the initial systems established by the New Zealand Defence Stores Department in the 1860s and incorporated lessons learned since then. The cornerstone of these records was the ledger card. In 1980, many of the ledger cards utilised by the RNZAOC had their roots in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) Visidex system. The Visidex system, introduced by the RAOC in the late 1930s, was designed as a straightforward ledger card system to replace complex mechanical ledger posting systems that had proven unsatisfactory.[1]  Initially implemented for wartime use within Ordnance Field Parks (OFPs), the Visidex system proved ideal due to its simplicity, requiring minimal staff training. Carbon-backed posting slips were used, enabling easy checks to be conducted. Each OFP section maintained a control office where all indents from units were received. The stock record was meticulously verified, the stock’s location within the OFP (where each truck served as a stock location) was identified, and the stock record was promptly updated. If the stock was available, it was immediately issued. When the stock was unavailable, it was recorded as “Dues Out,” and an indent was placed with the supporting Depot for replenishment, marked as “Dues In.”[2]  Each truck within an OFP also maintained its stock records, reconciled with each issue, receipt, and stocktake. The robustness and simplicity of the Visidex system made it the primary field stores accounting system within the New Zealand Army, a role it continued to fulfil well into the 1990s. In the context of the 1980s, the RNZAOC stores accounting system consisted of eight different ledger card systems:

  • MD 310 Ledger card. Used by 1 Base Supply Battalion, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Supply Companies, and the New Zealand Advanced Ordnance Depot Provision, Control and Accounts (PC&A) Sections to manage Defence Inventory, less, Ammunition, Rations and Fuel and Articles in Use (AiU).
  • MD 324 Loan Record Card. Used by Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items on long term loan (7 Days or more) to individuals.
  • MD 329 Record of Stores Supplied on Temporary Loan. Used by Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items on short term (7 Days or less) loan to individuals.
  • AFNZ 150 Stock Record Card. Used by RNZAOC Workshops Stores section to manage repair parts, assemblies and workshop material to suit the particular requirements of their parent workshops.
  • AFNZ 169P Ammunition Account Card and AFNZ 171P Ammunition Lot/Data Card. Used by the Ammunition Provision Control and Accounts (APCA) section to manage serviceable and unserviceable ammunition.
  • AFNZ 28 Supplies and FOL Ledger. Used by RNZAOC Supply Platoons to manage Foodstuffs, Fuel, oil and lubricants.
  • AFNZ 162 Stock and Provision Record Card. Based on the Visidex card, the AFNZ162 was used by RNZAOC Field units to manage stock in operational environments.
  • AFNZ 161 Store Ledger Card. Used by RNZAOC Quartermaster Stores to manage AIU items in-store or on distribution under an MD502 Distribution Record.

Journey Towards Electronic Data Processing

The journey to replace stubby pencils and erasers began in 1964 with a feasibility study on introducing electronic data processing into store accounting within the Army. By September 1965, a machine accounting system had been designed for Army use. However, the Army was not working in isolation—this was part of a broader Defence-wide initiative to introduce computerised accounting, with the Navy and Air Force developing parallel systems tailored to their specific needs.

The new system was intended to utilise electric accounting machines (EAMs) at ordnance depots and major camps. These machines updated records and punched data onto paper tape for processing at the Defence EDP Centre. However, at this stage, Defence did not yet have a central computer, so an arrangement was made to use the Treasury’s IBM 650 computer.

Treasury’s IBM 650. National Library

EAMs had arithmetic capabilities and could generate simultaneous, error-free postings, records, registers, and paper tape. Their introduction was expected to significantly reduce the number of documents required, operate much faster than manual methods, and minimise audit queries.

Once the central computer processed the information produced by the EAMs, a timely and wide range of data became available, including:

  • Daily provisioning information.
  • Quicker identification of surpluses.
  • Continuous extraction of shortfalls and bonuses.
  • Status reports on demand, including requirement-resource comparisons over any desired range.

For the first time, the system aimed to provide a more accurate prediction of stock levels, enabling faster and more efficient service to units.

Phased Introduction of the System

From November 1965, the new system was to be introduced in four phases:

  • Phase 1 – Main Ordnance Depot at Trentham
  • Phase 2 – District Ordnance Depots
  • Phase 3 – Main Camps and Logistic Support Group (LSG) Units
  • Phase 4 – Other units, either through Camp machine installations or by direct computer input

During Phases 1 and 2, the EAMs were to function as a self-contained system with central control, which would commence fully in Phase 3.

Implementation Timeline

  • November 1965 – Machines, ledger cards, and machine operators delivered to the Main Ordnance Depot. Card raising begins with a new type of ledger card.
  • June 1966 – Planning begins at District Ordnance Depots.
  • October 1966 – Balances machined on ledger cards at the Main Ordnance Depot. Automatic accounting commences, and output is prepared for the computer.
  • Early 1967 – Planning commences at Main Camps and LSG units.
  • June 1967 – Automatic operations begin at District Ordnance Depots.
  • 1968 – Units outside of main camps are integrated into the system.

Training of EAM Operators

Training of EAM Operators

EAM operators were to be known as Data Operators. The RNZAF conducted a twelve-week training course for data operators. By September 1965, the Army had two trained operators, with an additional four about to commence training.[3]

Early Progress

By June 1966, the overall design of the EAM system, reporting to a central computer installation, was well advanced. The target date for the Main Ordnance Depot (MOD) was now set a month ahead of the original schedule of October 1966. Army had 6 Data Processors, 5 at the MOD and one at CDOD at Linton,

Since November 1965, MOD data processors had been raising cards using Flexowriter machines, which also produced punched paper tape for computer input. The facilities at MOD had also been upgraded, with the machine room at Trentham completed and fitted with two NCR-33 accounting machines. Additionally, machine rooms were installed at Ngāruawāhia and Burnham, while a new facility at Linton was planned for completion in July 1966. Planning for machine rooms at Papakura and Waiouru had been finalised, but installation had not yet taken place.[4]

Proposals for a Defence computer installation were deferred in 1967, as the overall defence programming capability was weakened by the resignation of experienced staff who transferred to private industry. Initially, Defence policy aimed to advance computing in personnel, pay, and supply simultaneously. However, in 1967, priorities were reassessed, with supply taking precedence, followed by personnel and then pay.

The introduction of accounting machines at the Army’s Main Ordnance Depot (MOD) and the Navy’s and Air Force’s equivalent store depots meant that all three services were now operating with standard ledger cards and uniform procedures. This was a significant step forward toward a unified Defence supply system. Reliance on a mainframe computer continued, with the Treasury’s computer—now upgraded to an IBM 360—remaining in use.[5]

In July 1967, approval was granted for a Defence computer installation, and the rental of an International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) ICT-1902 was authorised for installation at the Defence EDP Division in Porirua. This necessitated Defence staff retraining and converting projects from the Treasury’s IBM 360 system to the new system. However, the priority of EDP work remained unchanged, with supply taking precedence, followed by personnel and finance.[6]

By September 1968, Defence’s ICT-1902 computer was fully operational, supporting standard Defence systems. The following supply systems were in production:

  • Stores Budgetary Control – Provided monthly reports by departmental expenditure code, detailing funds committed, paid, and outstanding for the Navy, Army, and Air Force. The system tracked approximately 400 vote code items and 90,000 stock lines.
  • Federal Stock – Recorded receipt, issue, consumption, and provisioning data for 78,000 line items of U.S.-supplied equipment. This record was expected to expand significantly with the acquisition of A-4K Skyhawks and increasing U.S.-supplied equipment for the Army.
  • Class A Stores – Tracked the location of all high-value and sensitive stores issued to Army units.
  • Vehicles – Maintained records of all vehicles by unit, including a catalogue detailing vehicle types and associated equipment, such as tyres.[7]

At this stage, the Air Force, with a relatively new fleet of American aircraft, took the lead in developing a Defence supply system. This system was envisioned to cover approximately 200,000 line items for the Air Force alone and would gradually be extended to the Navy and Army.[8]

1970–1990: Expansion and Modernisation

The Defence Force replaced the ICT-1902 mainframe with a more capable ICL 1903 mainframe in the early 1970s, which improved the capacity for handling Defence logistics. Some key supply systems introduced during this period included:

  • Stores Budgetary Control System – Monthly expenditure tracking for Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Federal Stock Control System – Managed 78,000 US-supplied military items, which was set to expand significantly with the acquisition of A-4K Skyhawks.
  • Class A Stores System – Tracked high-value and sensitive Army inventory.
  • Vehicle Fleet Management System – Monitored vehicle holdings, maintenance, and associated equipment.

A NCR 299 electronic accounting system from 1974. https://computarium.lcd.lu/photos/albums/BONAMI_MISC/album/slides/P1030480.html

The Sperry Era

By 1981, the NZDF’s computing capability had fallen behind contemporary industry standards. A major overhaul took place when the ICL mainframe was replaced with a Sperry UNIVAC 1100/60E mainframe.[9]  Concurrently, a comprehensive data communications network was established, connecting major Defence locations to the computer at Porirua. This network featured 550 non-programmable (dumb) workstations across the defence infrastructure, each consisting of a keyboard and terminal.

The Sperry mainframe computer became fully operational by April 1982. However, as the S2 system was developed on an ICL 1903 computer, the conversion to the Sperry system proved difficult. The system suffered severe conversion problems with the programme, paving the way for implementing the Defence Supply System Retail (DSSR) project. The full implementation of DSSR was initially forecast for 1986/87. DSSR was conceived as a project to extend the mainframe’s technology to the depot and unit level, automating the functions conducted by the ICL system with minimal enhancements. The anticipated benefits of DSSR included:

  • A more responsive reporting facility.
  • An electronic data record in place of ledger cards.
  • Automatic production of vouchers.
  • Automatic updating of stock files.
  • An up-to-date central overview of the stock situation.
  • Automated production of statistics at both HQ and unit levels.
  • An instantaneous enquiry system at unit level.
  • Less dependence by units on higher Headquarters for stock information.

By 1983, RNZAF Base Auckland had implemented the DSSR system, with 1 Supply Company at Ngāruawāhia migrating their MD310s into the DSSR system. This concerted effort positioned 1 Sup Coy to input the ledger balances into the DSSR system once the necessary hardware, including terminals, keyboards, and printers, had been installed and the personnel of 1 Sup Coy had completed their training. These milestones were successfully achieved by late March 1984. As 1 Sup Coy went live, other RNZAOC units were cleansing their records in anticipation of integration into the DSSR system. The transition from the NCR Machines to DSSR was not seamless as the NCR machines were worn out and difficult to support by the vendor. Units such as NZAOD and 4 Sup Coy had by 1984 reverted to a manual accounting system. Although labour-intensive, manual accounting using the MD310 was found to be accurate, with stock figures held in PC&A Sections not too far out.[10]

DSSR represented just one of the computer applications employed by the RNZAOC. By 1988, the SPERRY Mainframe at Porirua supported additional applications alongside DSSR. Running on a third-generation programming language known as COBOL, the most well-known COBOL programs included:

  • POLI (Personnel On-line Inquiry).
  • AIRMAIL (Personnel On-line PON Input).
  • DSSR (Defence Supply Systems – Detail).
  • LOGIC (Logistics Inventory Control).
  • Finance Interrogation (RI) System.
  • Finance Expenditure (RS) System.
  • Finance Commitments (RC) System.

Another mainframe application utilised by the RNZAOC was the Maintaining, Preparing, Producing Executive Report (MAPPER) application. While it could be used for programming, it was resource-intensive, making it less favoured by computer production management staff. The RNZAOC, along with the RNZEME, were significant users of MAPPER, employing it for:

  • 1 BSB Stock Location System.
  • Army Defect Reporting System (ADRS).
  • Army Equipment Management System (AEMS).

The New Zealand Army Scales and Documentation Centre (NZASDC) Scales and Entitlements System Was introduced in 1986, automating the production of equipment scaling documents. The NZASDC system was based on a PRIME computer and incorporated data and graphics. One of the selling points for introducing this system was that it allowed the staff of NZASDC to overcome an estimated backlog of 150 man-years. The budget for this system in 1985 was $0.579m (2023 $1,835,352).

By 1988, access to the Defence Integrated Database System (DIDS)was introduced, allowing for enquiries against all overseas provided identification and technical information. This gave item managers access to other nation’s sources of supply.

Since the mainframe provided access to only limited applications and little scope for general computer familiarisation, the first Sanyo microcomputers were introduced into Defence in 1981. These offered access to programs for word processing, spreadsheets, and database access to Defence units. 1988 Defence expanded its microcomputer capability with a tender for a new range of microcomputers based on the IBM/MS-DOS standard. The selected machine was the 16-bit Compaq Deskpro 286. By the end of 1988, the number of Compaqs owned by Defence was over 700, with 140 installed within Army units. Standard software packages selected for these microcomputers include the following:

  • WordStar 2000 Plus (Word-processor)
  • dBase III Plus (Database)
  • Lotus 1-2-3 (Spreadsheet)
  • SuperCalc4 (Spreadsheet)
  • FrameWork 2 (Integrated package)
  • SideKick (Desktop assistant)

The Defence Supply System Development (DSSD) project was initiated in 1986 as the second phase to replace the NCR accounting machines and ledger cards in stockholding units, with the first phase, DSSR, implemented during 1983/5. Both DSSR and DSSD were considered interim solutions due to the urgency dictated by the inability to support the NCR accounting machines beyond 1988.

The Defence Supply Redevelopment Project (DSRP) was launched in 1986 to find a lasting solution. The goal was to replace the temporary DSSR and DSSD systems while tackling persistent issues like repairable item management and performance measurement.

Resource limitations made it impractical to develop both projects (DSSD & DSRP) in parallel and wasteful to develop both as interim solutions. Analysis of the fundamental problems with the supply system identified during the first phase of DSSR pointed to DSSD as a reasonable, simple and achievable data integrity and management solution.

DSSD was confirmed in 1987 as the baseline supply system for later enhancement by DSRP. This has involved a change in scope to allow repair processing and retail functions with DSSD replacing DSSR with more comprehensive processing. On completion of DSSD, it was intended to have a stable on-line supply system in place, containing each of the essential features required of a supply accounting and replenishment system in basic form, allowing the New Zealand military to meet its operating requirements. The planned implementation phases for DSSD were:

  • Construct item identification records and complete depot purification by March 1988.
    • 1 Base Supply Battalion (1BSB) trial and conversion by March 1989.
    • Enhance 1 BSB office facilities and convert Air and Navy depots by January 1990.
    • Retail prototypes by September 1990.
    • Enhanced retail facilities and complete conversion by January 1991.
    • Develop future DSRP modules such as performance measurement starting in 1990.

With DSSR rolled out to most RNZAOC Units by 1987. However, the DSSD development team encountered difficulties with the LINC development environment, delaying the pilot system rollout at 1BSB until late 1989.

To enhance field support capabilities, the RNZAOC initiated computer experimentation in 1988. A significant milestone occurred during the 1988 Force Maintenance Group (FMG) Annual Camp when a mainframe terminal was introduced to the 21 Supply Company, granting access to the DSSR. Another notable advancement at the FMG Annual Camp involved the trial of a computer-based Frequency of Issue (FOI) calculation system designed and coded using dBase III. This system drastically improved efficiency, enabling the Ration Platoon staff to complete forty-eight man-hours of work in just four hours. Following this success, the FOI program underwent a thorough evaluation by a Quality Review Team established by the Directorate of Ordnance Services (DOS). It was subsequently extensively redeveloped and renamed COMRAT.

Sergeant Gerry Rolfe and DSSR Terminal, FMG Annual Camp 1988. RNZAOC Collection

During the 1989 Exercise Golden Fleece, mainframe terminals were strategically placed in the exercise area to support 21 Supply Company, the Ordnance Support Group (OSG), and Workshop Stores Sections. Additional general-purpose terminals were deployed at the New Zealand Force and FMG Headquarters. Strong data communication links were established to the Defence mainframe through Telecon data circuits and RNZSigs radio relay facilities.

Furthermore, COMRAT was tested and evaluated by RNZAOC units deployed on Exercise Golden Fleece in New Zealand and on Exercise Taiaha Tombak X in Malaysia, utilising hardware in the form of a ‘ruggedised’ GRiDCASE laptop or Hewlett-Packard Portable Vectra CS laptop. These innovative approaches aimed to validate the procedures and facilities required to support logistics elements deployed alongside operational forces. However, the outcomes of these experiments were diverse, showcasing both successes and challenges. While progress was evident, it became clear that the ultimate goal of achieving a fully deployable logistics solution remained a work in progress.

NZAOD Hewlett-Packard. Portable Vectra CS, 1989. Robert McKie Collection

Conclusion: A Transformational Shift in Military Logistics

The transition of the RNZAOC from manual, paper-based inventory management to computerised supply accounting between 1964 and 1990 was a significant milestone in New Zealand’s military logistics history. The slow adoption of Electric Accounting Machines (EAMs) in the 1960s evolved into a fully integrated digital system that modernised inventory tracking, procurement, and supply chain management.

By the early 1970s, the RNZAOC had established foundational digital processes, aligning with broader Defence Force initiatives to standardise logistics across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Adopting mainframe computing, transitioning to the NATO Codification System, and implementing systems such as DSSR and DSSD demonstrated a commitment to efficiency, accuracy, and operational effectiveness.

Despite challenges—including evolving technology, delays in implementation, and the gradual phasing out of outdated systems—the RNZAOC emerged as a leader in military logistics modernisation. The advances during this period laid the groundwork for the more sophisticated supply chain management solutions of the 1990s and beyond.

Ultimately, the RNZAOC’s journey exemplifies the necessity of continuous innovation in military logistics. The evolution from handwritten ledgers to integrated digital systems was not just an administrative improvement—it was a fundamental shift that enhanced the Defence Force’s ability to sustain operations, respond to logistical demands, and support the modern warfighter.

This study of the RNZAOC’s supply accounting transformation is a testament to the adaptability of military logistics. It underscores the enduring importance of technological advancements in sustaining and supporting New Zealand’s armed forces. Further research into subsequent developments will help capture the full impact of these early digitalisation efforts on today’s Defence logistics systems.

Notes

[1] Brigadier A.H Fernyhough C.B.E. M.C, History of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps 1920-1945 (London: Royal Army Ordnance Corps, 1965), 213.

[2] P.H. Williams, War on Wheels: The Mechanisation of the British Army in the Second World War (History Press Limited, 2016), 73.

[3] Army 246/1/12 Introduction of Electronic Data Processing into Stores Accounting Systems-NZ Army Dates 30 Sept 1965. “Stores – Account for General Instructions,” Archives New Zealand Item No R17188987  (1964 – 1967).

[4] Defence EDP Division 38/4/3 EDP Stores Accounting Systems Dated 28 June 1966. “Stores – Account for General Instructions.”

[5] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1967,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1967 1967).

[6] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1968,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1968 1968).

[7] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1969,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1969 1969).

[8] “H-4 Report of the Ministry of Defence for the year ending 31 March 1970,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (31 March 1970 1970).

[9] New Zealand. Parliament, Parliamentary Debates: House of Representatives (1983).

[10] Major J.S Bolton, A History of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Trentham: RNZAOC, 1992).

2 Supply Company – Unit History 1977-1983

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Units of the New Zealand Army must maintain a diary in which all matters connected with the unit are concisely but clearly recorded. Using Army Form New Zealand 144 (AFNZ 144), a unit provides a daily account of the unit’s activities, with entries providing the location and a brief description of the key events. Entries can be listed merely as” Ordinary Routine”, with others providing a more detailed account of the unit’s activities.

The following transcripts of 2 Supply Companys have been copied from the original typed and handwritten AFNZ144 sheets. Much of the original wording has been retained, but most abbreviated words and phrases have been included in full to improve readability. Some additional information from the 1979 and 1982 Paraka Newsletter related to 2 Supply Company has also been included.

1977

1 February 1977

Acting upon a directive from Army General Staff, 2 Central Ordnance Depot’s Unit History Sheet was initiated, and below gives an outline of 2 Central Ordnance Depot’s history to date.

Palmerston North has had a 26 Year association with 2 Central Ordnance Depot. This association began with the setting up of No 2 Ordnance Sub-Dept, in the Palmerston North Showgrounds in 1941. The No 2 Ordnance Sub-Depot continued to operate until 31 Jan 1945. At which point it was destroyed by fire.

In early 1946 the Depot was moved out to Linton Camp, and in 1948 was renamed Central District Ordnance Depot.

1959 signified the beginning of 2 Central Ordnance Depot, as it is known today, with the construction of a vehicle sub- depot. The re-building was continued, and in 1963 a new clothing store was completed, on the site that is now the main store.

2 Construction Squadron commenced work on 2 Central Ordnance Depot’s new stores building in 1969. It was originally planned to measure 45000 square feet; however, this was eventually reduced to the present 25000 square feet. The new building was designed to be an extension of the store built in 1963.

On 7 Nov 1972, 2 Central Ordnance Depot’s new store’s building was completed. At a cost of $143,000 and 43298 man-hours, and 2 Central Ordnance Depot took on its present shape.

15 April 1977

1430 -The depot began Exercise Makomako. Twenty-three personnel moved, by convoy, to the exercise area, the Makomako ammunition area.

1515 – Tentage (11 x 11), was erected around the cookhouse. The weather had taken a turn for the worse and by 1815 everyone was wet and cold. Dinner was served, cooked by one of 2CODs civilian staff Mr “Charles” Jones (Ex Chef).

16 April 1977

0600 – Reveille, breakfast and clean up

0830 – The group was divided into two sections. Each section was then given as sketch map with four rendezvous marked. Aim: To reach each rendezvous and complete the task assigned to the rendezvous. Both sections achieved the aim.

1600 – Debrief

17 April 1977

0700 – Reveille, breakfast, broke camp and returned to Linton by 1130hrs

1978

12 July 1978

The highlight of July was RNZAOC Corps Day. It started ln the usual manner with Coffee Royale. Then it was back to work for the rest of the morning.

The afternoon began with the annual Necker Trophy (Senior V Junior Volleyball). It was won by the Seniors, three games to nil, (there’s still life in the old timers). For the remainder of the afternoon a debrief on the game was held.

A formal dinner was held in the 600 Man Mess that night and a good time was had by all.

27 July 1978

On the 27 July 1978 the account was handed over from Lt Knutson (W ) to Lt D’Ath (W ).

28 July 1978

2 COD have adopted an ex-RAOC Officer who served in both wars and now resides at an old folks home in Fielding. This gentleman, Capt H.J Harris, celebrated his 84th Birthday on this date. To mark the occasion the Depot Sergeant Major (WO1 B.J Quinn) travelled to Feilding, wished the old soldier “Happy Birthday” from 2COD and gave him a birthday cake that WO1 Quinn’s wife had made. Suffice to say the old boy was delighted, as were the staff of the old folks home.

15-17 August 1978

The WO1s attended the second Corp Warrant Officers Seminar at Trentham (the last one was held in 1073), and a Formal Dinner was held on the 16 Aug. The Seminar itself was very informative with all WO1s being brought up to date on the problems and changes which are happening within the Corps.

22-24 August 1978

The Inter-Corp Rugby Tournament was held at Linton, with four members from the unit included in the Ordnance team. The Director of Ordnance Services visited the Depot on the 23-24 an gave his moral support to the Rugby Team. The Ordnance team did very well been narrowly beaten in the Semi Final by 10-9 against the Engineers.

31 August 1978

The Depot was visited by 40 children (ages ranginfn5-12) from the Masterton YMCA.

6 September 1978

DADOS FF Command and Unit Q Officers held a conference with 2 COD staff to allocate items in short supply during the Annual Camp of units.

8 September 1978

A class of twelve Massey University Students of a Strategy and Warfare Class visited for a discussion on Logistics.

19 September 1978

Major Quested spent the day in 2 COD on a familiarisation tour.

28 September 1978

All military personnel had a grouping practice on Sappers Line Range prior to Annual Battle Shoot, which is to be held next month.

29 September 1978

Five personnel posted into the unit to increase establishment for its new role next month.

4-5 October 1978

All military personnel of the Depot took part in the Annual Range Classification Shoot at Putiki Range Wanganui

11-14 October

Two members of the Depot (Sgt B.C Smith and WO1 D.J Keen) participated in the first regional Bowls Tournament at Burnham. Both players for the Central Region which won the Hamilton Shield, and also the North Versus South which was also won by the North. SSgt Smith also played against the Canterbury election which was lost 11/2 points to 21/2 points.

16 October 1978

The Depot had a change of role and has been renamed 2 Supply Company. The new role involves a Static Depot with a Tech Stores Section, a Gen Stores Section and a Bath Section, which is known as 22 OFP, which is the Field Force part of the Company. Approximately 2500 cards were raised for initial scaling of these sections. Quantity 25 receipts have been received at this time.

30 October 1978

Brig R.W Morris, Director of Supply Australia visited the Company.

6- 8 November 1978

Major K.A Watson, WO1 R.A Bird and Mr D Walker attended Support Finance Conference at Fort Dorset to finalise Financial Allocations for 1978/79.

9-29 November 1978

Capt D.A D’Ath attended the Foodstuffs and POL Course at RAAOC Centre, Bandiana, Australia. The Course was to assist in the rationalisation and re-organisation.

14-16 November 1978

WO1 E.A Bird was present at the Supply Depot Commanders Conference held at Trentham. At the Conference the proposed transfer of the Supply Role from RNZASC to RNZAOC was discussed.

12-14 December 1978

Major K.A Watson attended the Senior Officers Corps Conferenced at Burnham. During the conference the first RNZAOC Association Meeting was held, and disposal of Corps Funds discussed.

22 December 1978

2 Supply Company closed down for the Christmas Breaks with only a Skelton staffing on call until 3 January 1979.

1979

15 January 1979

2 Supply Company staff commenced preparations for Annual Camp Issues of Camp Equipment. A Mobile Ordnance team was activated to assist 2 Fd Hosp, 7 WnHb and 5 WWCT’s Annual Camp. This team was organised and run by WO1 J.A Sayers. SSgt Hawthorn assisted in the tailoring requirements for the issue of Dacrons to personnel of 7 RNZIR at their Camp.

1 February 1979

Captain M Telfer (TF) was posted from 2 Fd Wksp Stores Sect to 22 OFP as Officer Commanding.

22 OFP consists of:

  1. The Headquarters – accommodation Capt Max Telfer (TF) the OC, Sgt Bob Hodgetts the Admin Sgt/Park Quartermaster Sergeant/Recruiting NCO/TF Administrator of Part Time Soldiers, and 2Lt Lindstrom, when he arrives from OCTU to take up the appointments of SCO/Trg Officer.
  2. PC & A – manages and controlled by SSgt K/J Moore (Manager Stock Control) and his work force. K.J is currently the leader of 22 OFP pack
  3. Gen and Bath Section – according to the establishment this section will be manned by part time soldiers (TF).
  4. Tech Stores Section – is commanded by Sgt (Peewee) Haerewa and a faction of young up and coming soldiers who will assist in the smooth operation of the OFP ‘Pataka’.

7 February 1979

Recruiting for 22 OFP commenced

22 February 1979

Wing Commander J Penny visited 2 Sup Coy as part of his programme to see all Supply Companies. He briefed unit personnel on the purification programme on System S7 and the enhancement to the existing system.

23-25 March 1979

22 OFP held their first Training Weekend as a Unit. Unfortunately, due to adverse conditions they were unable to hold the weekend as planned in Makomako. Instead, personnel used the time to update their bookwork.

30 Mar 1979

OC and SCO attended the Commanders Conference chaired by Col D.R Kenning Commander 2 TFR. This was the first to be held by 2 TFR since the Army Re-organisation took place.

2-4 April 1979

A Regional Seminar on Stores Accounting was held at SME Linton. The Seminar was run by the Q Wing of School of Army Administration and was attended by all. Regional Q Reps. Capt D.A D’Ath, WO1 Sayers and.WO2 Lyle were 2 Sup Coy Reps.

6-8 April 1979

22 OFF held a Field. ·Training Weekend for RF and TF personnel at Makomako.

16-19 April 1979

The RNZAOC Senior Officers Conference was held at Trentham and OC 2 Sup Coy attended.

18 April

All SNCOs attended a Formal Dinner at Trentham in honour of Lt Col A.J. Campbell on his retirement from RF.

19-20 April 1979

An Accounting Officers Conference was held at RNZAOC School to coincide with DOS Formal Dinner. The Dinner was to farewell Lt Col A.J. Campbell from the Regular Force. Capt D’Ath attended.

20-22 April 1979

22 OFP carried out training on Infantry Minor Tactics for both RF and TF Personnel at Makomako.

12 May 1979

RNZAOC assumed responsibility of providing POL and Rations to the Army. Those RNZASC personnel wishing to change their Corps to RNZAOC did so and were presented with Corps Belts and Hat Badges by the OC. The Following are those who changed

  • WO1 R.A Bird
  • Sgt Y.F Tasker
  • Cpl I.T Bovey
  • Pte H.A Clifton
  • Pte G.J Hassan
  • Pte E.D Russell

14 May 1979

CATO Major B Squires visited 2 Sup Coy to inspect, discuss location and view in operating the new Link Belt machine.

24 May 1979

Capt P.M. Cunninghame attended the DOS Mini Conference in Auckland. This was the first to be held at HQ NZLF

29 May 1979

A Support Finance Procedures Conference was held at 2 Sup Coy. All Regional QMs and RQMSs attended, and the meeting was chaired by May Stevenson from NZLF.

3-4 July 1979

OC and SCO attended a Logistic/Works Conference held by NZLF at Papakura Camp. The two day Conference covered most aspects of Logistics such as Finance, MD 6s etc

14-15 July 1979

22 OFP held a Training Weekend for TD Personnel. At this weekend lectures on Ordnance Procedure were held on Saturday with an introduction to Truck Driving and Maintenance on the Sunday.

18 July 1979

SCO & T, RNZAOC Directorate visited 2 Sup Coy to look at various areas of training withing the Company.

23-24 July 1979

The Director of Ordnance Services, Lt Col P.M Reid visited 2 Sup Coy on a Staff Liaison visit. While at Linton he visited the other Ordnance establishments.

27 July 1979

Sgt R.J Eden was released from the Regular Force.

30 July 1979

WO2 D.L Lyle was posted to 4 Sup Coy, Waiouru and tool up the appointment of SWO.

30 July 1979

SSgt P.F Neilson was posted to 2 Sup Coy as MSC and promoted to WO2.

6 August 1979

Capt P.W Cunninghame set sail for Great Britain to commence a four month tour on Exercise Long Look. It is intended that he be stationed at a vehicle depot during his stay.

6 August 1979

Capt D.A D’Ath attended Grade 3 Staff and Tactics Course

17 August 1979

WO2 J.A Sayers relinquished his position as SWO and departed on a two year tour of Singapore at NZAOD.

25 August 1979

WO2 B.T Thompson, after completing two years in Singapore, takes up the position of WO Vehicles.

21-24 September 1979

Inter-Corps Rugby was staged in Linton Camp between RNZCT, RNZE, RNZEME and RNZAOC.

28 September 1979

SSgt P.C Dellabarca was released from Regular Force.

11 October 1979

A Chief Clerks Seminar was held in Linton Camp and Sgt J.V. Takuta was 2 Sup Coy’s representative. The presentations were on Clerking and Man-Management, and Clerical Workmanship.

23 October 1979

Maj K.A. Watson held an OC’s Hour for 2 Sup Coy Military and Civilian staff. At this meeting the OC reported on coming events such as Ex Tripwire, Annual Camp and Ex Truppenamt.

24-25 October 1979

SSgt R.N. Turner attended the AT/ATOs Conference at Burnham. Items discussed were EOD Matters, Ammo Storage problems, and General Matters.

25-28 October 1979

Maj K.A. Watson and Sgt J. V. Takuta manned the CRAOC Cell for Higher Control on Ex Tripwire. Capt D.A. D’Ath attended on the 2 TFR staff. The CPX was to be a rehearsal for Truppenamt next year.

7-8 November 1979

WOI B. J. Quinn attended RNZAOC Conductors Seminar at Trentham.

7-9 November 1979

OC attended Senior Officers Conference at Trentham.

12 November 1979

2 TFR Command Inspection Team headed by Lt Col B. Sinclair carried out an inspection of the Company.

1-2 December 1979

22 OFP Weekend Camp at Makomako which consisted of Inf Minor Tact. Lt Col Fodson visited the training weekend.

10 December 1979

Captain Gush posted in from 1 Base Sup Bn.

12 December 1979

Pte’s Brooks and Smith promoted to T/LCpl

14 December 1979

Sgt McKay posted in from 1 Sup Coy. Mr D Martin retired.

17 December 1979

Captain D’Ath posted to 2 TFR

18 December 1979

Captain D’Ath marched in as Acting Officer Commanding (Major Watson on Leave).

Captain Cunninghame returned from “Ex Long Look”

19 December 1979

Pte Leatherby posted in from RF Cadet School.

Unit issued vehicles and stores for Annual Camps assisted by 4 Sup Coy

24 December 1979

Unit closed down for Christmas

Mr T Gray passed away.

1980

1 January 1980

Unit Reopened

2 January 1980

Issued vehicles for Truppenamt II.

Preparation of Main Store for Truppenamt II.

Receipt of vehicles and stores from Anula Camps and checking for re-issue for Truppenamt II.

12 January 1980

First Annual Camp for 22 OFP (combined with 1 Sup Coy)

16 January 1980

Major Watson returned from leave – Captain D’Ath marched out to 2TFR

22 January 1980

Major Hopkins posted in (from HQ NZLF) to become Officer Commanding on Major Watson’s retirement.

25 January 1980

22 OFP returned from Annual Camp.

30 January 1980

Lt Col Reid arrived at the unit for Major Watson’s farewell.

31 January 1980

Major Watson retired.

Major Hopkins took over as Officer Commanding of 2 Supply Company.

7 February 1980

OC returned to Takapuna for household removal.

8 February 1980

Half of Main Storehouse cleared for Truppenamt II.

8-9 February 1980

2IC, SWO and SSgt Smith on call for Issued to Truppenamt II.

12 February

OC moved into army house, Linton.

14 February 1980

22 OFP March Out to Truppenamt II.

15 February 1980

LCpl Bird posted to Ngāruawāhia.

16 – 17 February 1980

2IC, SWO and SSgt Smith on call for Issued to Truppenamt II.

18 February 1980

100% Stocktake started on Bulk A/C

23 February 1980

Hand back of stores Ex Truppenamt II started.

23 -24 February 1980

Working weekend for all military and limited civilians – receipts from Truppenamt II.

24 February 1980

22 OFP March in Ex Truppenamt II.

Annual Camp Ex Tasman – Ex Solomon Issues being made.

29 February 1980

100% Stocktake completed in storehouses.

3 March 1980

Pte’s Coley, Wiggins and Geary Marched in Ex AMO Cse at Wigram.

4 – 5 March 1980

7 March 1980

Capt Harris RAOC (Rtd) died in Feilding – WO1 Quinn attended the funeral service.

WO2 Neilson on Compassionate leave.

19 March 1980

Advance Party departed Linton for Annual Shoot at Landguard Bluff.

20 March 1980

Main Party departed Linton for Annual Shoot at Landguard Bluff.

21 – 22 March 1980

TF element of the unit arrived at Linton for Annual Shoot at Landguard Bluff.

23 March 1980

Annual Range Shot completed – RF/TF dispersed

28 February 1980

Freedom of Palmerston North Parade held.

Sgt G Fowler posted to Sylvia Park.

11 April 1980

2000hrs Capt Gush called out by Ord Duties – Supplies for Fiji

13 April 1980

Major Hopkins plus 6 pers issued tentage to Ohakea for Fiji

14 April 1980

6 Pers delivered and loaded aircraft for Fiji

14 – 22 April 1980

Investigation by Capt Williams on Social Club

14 – 18 April 1980

OC on CGS Study Week

20 April 1980

WO1s Quinn/Bird on RNZAOC Conference in Ngāruawāhia.

22 – 24 April 1980

OC on RNZAOC Senior Officer Conference.

23 April 1980

WO1s returned from RNZAOC WO’s Conference.

24 April 1980

Capt Bostock visited re AIU Account Audit

28 April 1980

OC Returned from RNZAOC Senior Officer Conference.

Establishment Team comprising Major Golightly and Lt Col Dixon Arrived. (Departed 30 Apr)

10-11 May 1980

4 x TF Pers March In to attend Ex Tropic Dawn

Court of Inquiry commence re Social Club Activities

12 May 1980

14 Junior Ranks Marched into 2 TFR for Ex Tropic Dawn

14 May 1980

14 Junior Ranks completed

16 May 1980

Capt Cunninghame farewelled from the unit on posting to Waiouru

17 -18 May 1980

OC attending POSB at Waiouru

19 May 1980

Cpl (W ) Wetere reported to the unit on posting

Visit by ALWO

28 May 1980

Visit by DOS

ORs March In Ex Tropic Dawn – Proceeding on Standdown.

5 June 1980

Unit First Aid/Fire/MHE course started

13 -15 June 1980

OC and 2IC attended 2 TFR Tac Study WE

15 June 1980

Unit First Aid/Fire/MHE course completed

19 June 1980

Unit First Aid/Fire/MHE course started

29 June 1980

Unit First Aid/Fire/MHE course completed

8 July 1980

OC visit to 1 Base Sup Bn re Corps Day

10 July 1980

SCO on PA Leave

11 July 1980

2Lt David Palmer March in and assumes the appointment of 2IC 22 OFP and Trg Officer.

12 July 1980

RNZAOC Corps Day celebrations – unit parades with Base Sup Bn Trentham, returns for Linton for unit dine and dance.

14 -15 July 1980

CATO visit to Makomako

16 July 1980

Unit pers visit to SME for demonstrations.

17 July 1980

Three unit pers selected for Corps Rugby Squad.

18 July 1980

OC proceeding on PA Leave pm today and Stock Control Officer acting OC whilst OC on leave. SCO returned from PA Leave today.

22 July 1980

Camp held a Beating of the Retreat parade.

5 August 1980

Pers from Unit attended funeral servicers for the late Sgt Morgan RNZE.

Unit notified of fatal accident concerning LCpl Armstrong (TF).

7 August 1980

Visit by DOS – Linton/Palmerston North RNZOC All Ranks formal dinner.

Pers from unit attended funeral services for the late LCpl Armstrong.

11 August 1980

2IC attended conference at HQ 2 TF – Log study weekend

OC returned from Annual Leave

12 August 1980

2IC attended finance conference at HQ 2 TFR

16-17 August 1980

Unit CPX training weekend RF/TF Officers and Snr NCOs.

20 August 1980

OC and MSC visit to EDP.

26 August 1980

C&WS Team visit to Unit.

1 September 1980

OC and MSC attended one day ILMS Conference at HQLF.

2 September 1980

Def Auditor arrived to carry out Coy audit.

13-14 September 1980

2Lt Palmer attended trg w/e Nga

19-21 September 1980

RNZAOC – RNZCT – RNZE – RNZEME – Corps Rugby started and completed with a win to RNZCT.

23 September 1980

Debrief of audit with OC, 2IC and MC Horne.

26 September 1980

Cpl (w ) Wetere on leave and discharged.

26 September 1980

Band 2 Cse ended as a result 7 passed – 1 required retesting.

29-30 September 1980

Unit party attended funeral of WO1 (Retd) B.I Moore at Gisborne.

4-5 October 1980

TF Driver Training Weekend

13 October 1980

OC attended ABCA presentation at ATG

14 October 1980

OC attended Real Admin Conference ATG

20 October 1980

Colonel Kenning presented Lt Guilford Badges of rank on unit parade

21 October 1980

SCO and WO1 Bird to Fort Dorset for finance conference

OC commenced SNCO interviews

28 October 1980

OC to Trentham for Senior Officer Conference RNZAOC

28-30 October 1980

Unit Rep to Base Sup Bn – Checking outstanding clothing demands.

30 October 1980

Visit by incoming DRC and Regional Secretary.

31 October 1980

Unit members to Waiouru for Round the Mountain Run.

19 November 1980

Issues of loans to units – for Annual Camp.

27-29 November 1980

Annual Range Shoot.

1 December 1980

WO2 Neilson arrived for handover of MSC duties from WO2 Moore.

Stocktake of Tech Sect and verification of Part Nos began prior to going on S7.

4 December 1980

WO2 Neilson gave ILMS presentation to PC&A staff.

Authority received to raise new Laon A/C.

5 December 1980

Handover of MSC finalised.

8 December 1980

OC, MSC and Supply Pl Cmdr attended 2 TFR Trg Conf at Linton.

11 December

Sgt Jones Marched in Ex Singapore.

16 December 1980

2Lt Palmer farewelled from unit and was received on behalf of the RNZAC by Lt Col McComish(DRC)

17 December 1980

Unit children’s Christmas party

Returns of Annual Camp being received from 5WWCT, 2 Fd Wksp, 5 Spt Sqn

19 December 1980

Most units within Camp closed down – 2 Sup Coy interior economy.

22 December 1980

Exterior economy for all staff.

23 December 1980

WO1 E Ray retired.

23 December 1980

Unit closed down for Christmas 12.0 hours.

1981

5 January 1981

Company returned after Christmas break – Annual Camp Issues commenced.

9 January 1981

OC on leave until 15 Jan.

4 x LIP Pers employed.

12 January 1981

2 x LIP Pers started employment.

14 January 1981

1 x LIP Pers started employment.

15 January 1981

OC returned from leave.

16 January 1981

Visit and presentation by Maj Maitland, Sgt Ryan and Sgt Johnson, Comd 2TFR, OC and Snr NCO attended presentation on new warehouse.

WO1 Quinn on leave.

20 January 1981

Visit by Maj Hicks and WO1 Orr – Apprentices.

OC, MSC and Sup Pl rep attended Real Admin Conference for Triad at Waiouru.

21 January 1981

OC attended DCM until 23 Jan.

23 January 1981

OC returned form DCM

2 X LIP pers resigned.

26 January 1981

1 x LIP Pers Commenced work – 1 x LIP Pers resigned.

27 January 1981

1 x LIP Pers commenced work.

28 January 1981

Visit by Cols Kenning and Andrews to Coy – Barrack Guard of Honour carried out by Unit Reps.

2 February 1981

LCpl Boustridge Marched In ex 4 Sup Coy.

6 February 1981

5 WWCT Commenced hand back of Annual Camp Stores.

7 February 1981

2 Tpt Regt Commenced hand back of Annual Camp Stores.

Pte (w ) Watts admitted to Palmerston North Hospital.

12 February 1981

Three staff members to RNZAOC School attending Field Phase.

13 February 1981

Advance Party departed for Ex Triad.

14 February 1981

Main Body departed for Ex Triad.

Pte (w ) Watts discharged from Hospital – on sick leave.

18 February 1981

SSgt Holley awarded NZ Badge holder for Softball.

24 February

7WNHB commenced hand back of Annual Camp Stores.

28 February 1981

Issues to Janal Ulu contingent.

5 March 1981

SSgt Joyce March Out to RNZAOC School to attend Band 5 Course.

6-31 March 1981

Clearing Annual Camp loan stores.

1 April 1981

SSgt Joyce returned ex Band 5 Cse (passed).

3 April 1981

2 x Mini Project pers resigned.

7 April 1981

OC Conference.

10 April 1981

Last 2 Mini project pers resigned (Time Up).

14 April 1981

OC Conference.

15 April 1981

Mrs Tolson resigned and returned to Auckland.

21 April 1981

OC Conference.

22 April 1981

LCpl Hassan promoted to T/LCpl.

Cpls Thorby, Hill, Clifton, Reddish, Kennedy and Rolston attempted band 4.

24 April 1981

Contractors arrived to upgrade PC&A building.

Log Conf with AQM to discuss unit finance.

25 April 1981

Unit paraded with Pahiatua RSA for ANZAC Day dawn parade.

28 April 1981

OC Conference.

29 April 1981

OC to CCS Study W/E, then to Senior Officer RNZAOC.

2IC assumes appointment of OC.

4 May 1981

OC returns from Corp Conf and resumes command

7 May 1981

Ptes Leatherby, Makutu, Coley, Watts, Hooper and LCpl Rolston attend First Aid Course at Burnham

16 May 1981

LCpl Thorby married to LCpl Geary.

18 May 1981

Pte’s Coley and Watts returned from course. Ptes Leatherby and Makutu on PAL.

20 May 1981

Sgt Roche Marched into unit ex Singapore.

25 May 1981

Miss K Tuhua employed as Ledger Clerk.

27 May 1981

Visit by Brig Hamilton – Col Andrews.

28 May 1981

Visit by DOS and DDOS.

10 June 1981

OC on course at RNZAOC School.

22 June 1981

Camp Census on Welfare subject taken today.

Promotion of Sgt Haerewa to T/SSgt.

23 June 1981

Issues commence for Tropic Dawn.

24 June 1981

SO2/SO3 Log visited unit to discuss Loans and PSI.

26 June 1981

Mrs E Houlton (Provision) resigned

Sgt Jones (Provision) posted to 2TFR as ACCTG ALWO.

Camp visit by Brig Hamilton DGPL – Discussion with Offrs rans SNCO- evening meal with Offrs

29 June 1981

WO1(Cdr) Quinn TOD to Waiouru for Exercise Captive Lightning.

1982

Headquarters

  • OC                                          Major Hopkins
  • Trg/Admin Officer            Lt Guildford
  • SWO                                      WO1 Keen
  • CSM                                       WO2 Joyce
  • Chief Clerk                          Sgt Takuta
  • Juniors                                  LCpl Hiroti &  Pte (w ) Dutch

PC&A

  • WO2 K.J Moore
  • SSgt P.R Haerewa
  • Cpl M.C Thorby
  • Cpl B.P Boyes
  • LCpl D.M Thorby
  • LCpl L.E Coley
  • LCpl R.E Rolston
  • Pte A.C Leatherby
  • Pte G Makutu

Warehouse

  • WO2 Barry Taylor

Issues

  • Cpl Hill
  • LCpl Herewini
  • Pte Wishart
  • Pte Nigel Sims
  • Pte A.J Newell
  • Mr Les Hewitt
  • Miss Janine Waniuk

Receipts

  • Mr Alistair Toogood
  • Mrs Isobel Cockburn

Camp Equipment/RSDG

  • SSgt John Holley
  • Pte Shane Bray
  • Mr Bernard Summers
  • Mr John Sapwell
  • Mr Bill Hamiln

TRS

  • SSgt Hewitt
  • Pte Wiltshire
  • Pte Cooper
  • Spr Ken Marshall

DSS

  • Sgt Chris Hill
  • Mr Gerry Grieve

Tailor shop

  • SSgt Arthur Hawthorn
  • Mrs Joy Lynn

Vehicle Group

  • WO2 Robbie Turner
  • Sgt McKay
  • Cpl Paul Reddish
  • Pte Rei Watt
  • Mr Dave Hardway

24 Supply Platoon

  • SSgt Bill Donohugh
  • SSgt Vonnie Tasker
  • Sgt Mick Kennedy
  • LCpl Peter Thompson
  • LCpl Rodger Tombleson
  • LCpl Robyn Hooper
  • LCpl Ross Fearon

5 January 1982

Started work for year

6-10 January 1982

Preparing issues for Annual Camp.

11 January 1982

Band 3 Cse commenced.

Letter received from Crippled Children Society thanking us for donating $406 to adopt a child project.

14 January 1982

New DRC Lt Col D.G Flux in Camp.

20 January 1982

First Camp Parade for year.

26 January 1982

Pte Bray March into unit Ex WTD.

WO1 D.J Keen USO Cse Int Centre Papakura

Sgt P.J Roche Cse UN Ammo MKG at RNZAOC Sch Trentham.

18-19 January 1982

Recce Lt Guildford/WO2 Turner Cape Palliser Area for unt exercise.

3 February 1982

TF move in for Annual Camp.

8 February 1982

Unit Photograph taken.

Commander 2 TFR Visit – Annual Camp.

10 February 1982

Visit to unit by Brig A.T Mortiboy MBE EC (TF Advisor).

15 February 1982

Visit to unit by Maj Gen Williams.

19 February 1982

Unit Barbeque RF/TF.

20 February 1982

Unit Clean up Annual Camp.

24 February 1982

Visit by VDU pers from EDP.

25 February 1982

Visit by WO1 C.W Roulston, SSgt L Allen RAAOC.

10 March 1982

Band 3 Cse finished, all passed (7): Newell, Wilson, Makutu, Leatherby, Hooper, Thompson, Tombleson.

16 March 1982

RFL for unit pers

26 March 1982

Promotion Sgt Hill, Sgt Kennedy, LCpl Leatherby.

30 March 1982

Lt Col Vickers visit Makomako Area.

21 April 1982

LS&GC Parade (Camp).

Unit Sports – soccer.

OC to Corps Conference.

23 April 1982

Recce Wo2 Joyce, Sgt Eden, Sgt Hodgetts – Pohangina Valley.

25 April 1982

Unit Parade for ANZAC Day – Foxton.

6 May 1982

Lecture on new purchasing procedures.

14 May 1982

LCpl Rolston promoted T/Cpl.

15-16 May 1982

Unit Exercise Ruahine Ranges.

31 May 1982

Visit by CATO to Makomako.

June 1982

Audit of Bulk Account.

Visit by Command Secretary.

Log Seminar attended by Unit Reps.

Visit by DRC to Warehouse.

WO2 Moore posted OLOW 1 TFR.

Lt Guildford attended RNZCT exercise in Fiji as Admin Officer

1 July 1982

Pte Gleeson posted to 2 Sup Coy from WTD Basic Training.

19 July 1982

Recce Ruahine Ranges, OC, CSM for unit exercise.

2 Sup Coy UPF Subs, fixed at $3 per quarter.

23 July 1982

DRC visit.

30 July 1982

NZ P108 Tentage Handbook was despatched to all units.

5-6 August 1982

Unit Exercise Ruahine Ranges OC, CSM & 6 others.

10 August 1982

2 Supply Barrack Guard for CGS.

11 August 1982

2 Supply Barrack Guard for CGS.

12 August 1982

Unit Regt Dinner – Guests Col Commandant, DRC, Camp Commandant, Camp RSM.

14-15 August 1982

Unit CPX W/E TF/RF Offrs/SNCOs.

19 August 1982

SSgt Hewitt RNZAOC reunion Rep at meeting in Trentham.

WO2 Taylor/Sgt McAvinue recon Wanganui area for Unit exercise.

20 August 1982

SSgt Hawthorn posted R&D Defence HQ.

15 September 1982

Farwell to Cpl Finn from the Army

17 September 1982

OC visits Waiouru for a recce for A/Camp

22-23 September 1982

Unit supplies 4 pers for tree planting in Linton Camp.

27-30 September 1982

Ex Huia One, Range Shoot and Air drop.

1-2 October 1982

Ex Huia One, Range Shoot and Delivery Points.

14 October 1982

Participated in annual Charter Parade in Palmerston North.

LCpl S Dutch admitted to Hospital (Palmerston North)

16 October 1982

14 members of the Company participated in the Round the Mountain relay race.

27 October 1982

2 pers attend Jnr Clerk AA Course.

28 October 1982

2 Sup Coy Pers start T82.

9 November 1982

Pte Wright posted into 2 Sup Coy

18 November 1982

RNZAOC Reunion meeting

15-19 November 1982

LCpl Herewini represented 2 Sup Coy in the North Island Southern Region Forklift Competition.

19 November 1982

OC and Sgt Jones attended the finance conference in Fort Dorset.

20 November 1982

Unit participation in the ceremony of the beating of the retreat.

30 November 1982

Provision personnel of 1 BSB at Trentham Camp visited the unit.

1 December 1982

34th TF Intake RNZAOC Corps Training was conducted at 4 Sup Coy

7-9 December 1982

Junior Supplier Competition wan by LCpl Leatherby.

10 December 1982

Unit Xmas close down function

13 December 1982

Interunit competition 1BSB/2 Sup Coy Akatarawa relay race.

24 December 1982

2 Sup Coy closed down for the year

1983

4 January 1983

2 Sup Coy resumed normal operations after Xmas closedown.

10 January 1983

Capt Gush posted to 2 TFR, Lt Guildford now SCO.

12 January 1983

2 pers attended B5 Suppler Course.

17 January 1983

Pte Gleeson attended Ammunition Accounting Course.

18 January 1983

Sgt Takutu attending Civil Clerks course.

Sgt (w ) Williscroft attending MSC phase of the Band Five Suppler Course.

25 January 1983

LCpl(w ) Hooper farewelled to 3 Sup Coy.

7 February 1983

Lt M.R Taylor posted to 2 Sup Coy as Training Officer.

8 February 1983

Cpl A Ferguson posted to 2 Sup Coy (Main Store),

12-26 February 1983

2 Sup Coy and 2 Fd Sup Coy participated in A/Camp 83, Waiouru

14-18 February

Maj N.A Hitchings TOD to NZLF.

16-17 February 1983

2 x 2 Sup Coy pers to 5 TML Sqn, Whenuapai.

4 March 1983

Farwell Major S.D Hopkins – outgoing OC 2 Sup Coy.

7 March 1983

Major S.D Hopkins/Major N.A Hitchings official handover date.

6 April 1983

Col Andrews, 2 TFR Commander to visit 2 Sup Coy.

7-10 April 1983

3 x 2 Sup Coy pers to Ex Jalan Ulu, LCpl T.R Hiroti, Pte S.K Bray, Pte N.B Sims.

15 April 1983

LCpl R.T Woon returned from Basic (TF to RF)

13-15 April 1983

Head of Corps conference attended by Major N.A Hitchings.

18 April 1983

Major S.D Hopkins released from NZ Army.

18-22 April 1983

SSgt Hewitt, Pte’s Wiltshire and Marshall, ex Royal Tent.

25 April 1983

ANZAC Day – 2 Supply Company participated on ANZAC Day parade at Foxton.

Sgt B.I Evans posted in as Ammo Tech

28 April 1983

Major N.A Hitchings and Lt N.A Guildford visit RNZAOC Directorate.

1 May 1983

Sgt P/J Roche posted to s Sup Coy as CAT.

RNZAOC Days of Significance

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Most of the Corps and Regiments of the New Zealand Army observe a day significant to the respective Corps or Regiment

  • The Royal New Zealand Artillery celebrates “Gunners Day” on 26 May, marking the formation of the Royal Regiment of Artillery in 1716.
  • The Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps celebrates “Cambrai Day” on 20 November, marking the Battle of Cambrai in 1917, which saw large numbers of tanks first employed.
  • The Royal New Zealand Corps of Transport celebrated “RNZCT Corps Day” on 12 May, which marked the formation of the New Zealand Army Service Corps in 1910.

For the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC), the day of significance was 12 July and as “Corps Day” commemorated the day in 1947 when the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (NZAOC) was granted Royal Status.

The granting of Royal Status to the NZAOC was an acknowledgement of New Zealand’s Ordnance services from 1912 and the valuable contributions of the NZAOC during the Second World War.

1 May 1912 – New Zealand Ordnance Corps

For a military force to remain effective, the ability to maintain and repair firearms is an essential function. From the 1860’s Armourers and Arms Cleaners of New Zealand’s Defence Stores Department, in conjunction with civilian gunsmiths, kept New Zealand’s stock of weapons maintained and repaired. With the introduction of Bolt Action rifles and Maxim Machine Guns, the increasing complexity and quantity of weapons systems available to New Zealand’s Military Forces required the secondment of Armourer Sergeants from the United Kingdom’s Army Ordnance Corps in 1900.[1]  Arriving in New Zealand in 1901, AOC Armourer Sergeants Bertram Buckley and John Hunter immediately set to upskilling New Zealand’s military armourers.[2]  Providing further support to Buckley and Hunter was the secondment 2nd Class Armourer Sergeant William Edward Luckman to New Zealand from the AOC in 1903, who was appointed as the Chief Armourer of New Zealand’s Military Forces.

By 1911 Armourer Sergeant Major Luckman, having had his secondment extended several times, was well established as the Chief Armourer of New Zealand’s Military Forces. His Armourers provided inspection, maintenance, and repairs in Armourers workshops in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. Although on secondment to the New Zealand military, Luckman, Buckley, and Hunter were still Armourers in the AOC and required to maintain their professional proficiency. New Zealand Armourers trained under Luckman’s supervision required a trade structure and recognition of their ability in sync with the AOC. To provide this structure, General Order 118 was released on 1 May 1912, establishing the New Zealand Ordnance Corps (NZOC) and providing a career path from Apprentice to Armourer Sergeant Major for Armourers of the Defence Stores Department. [3]

1 April 1915 – Royal New Zealand Artillery, New Zealand Army Ordnance Section

While the Defence Stores Department were responsible for Small-Arms and associated ammunition, the Royal New Zealand Artillery was responsible for supplying and maintaining the various types of Ordnance (Artillery) and associated ammunition utilised by the Regiment of New Zealand Artillery, New Zealand Garrison Artillery and New Zealand Field Artillery.[4] This functional separation between the Defence Stores Department and Artillery had existed since the 1880s, remaining extant in 1915. While the Colonial; Ammunition Company factory at Mount Eden in Auckland allowed a measure of self-sufficiency in Small Arms Ammunition, the same could not be said for artillery ammunition. In 1911 The Artillery Stores Accountant, Lieutenant Robert George Vining Parker, produced a cost-benefit analysis of the virtues of locally made-up Artillery and imported artillery ammunition. It was estimated that by cleaning and refilling casings, inspecting and refurbishing propellant bags, and manufacturing new ones as required, savings of £3,333 (2022 NZD$633,605) could be made. To achieve these savings, a recommendation that a specialist Artillery Ordnance Corps Section be established to manufacture and modify ammunition was made. [5] Approved by the Commandant of the New Zealand Military Forces, General Alexander Godley, in mid-1914, formal authority was not granted until 1 March 1915, with New Zealand Defence Forces General Order 90 authorising the raising as a component of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Section with effect from 1 April 1915.[6] The NCO and six Gunners of the New Zealand Army Ordnance Section were based at Wellingtons Fort Balance.

1 February 1917 – New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps

On 31 May 1917, regulations constituting the New Zealand Army Ordnance Department (NZAOD) and NZAOC, backdated to 1 February 1917, were approved and published in the New Zealand Gazette on 7 June 1917, concluding forty-eight years of service provided by the Defence Stores Department.[7]

From January 1917, the legacy Defence Stores Department remained in existence only in name as the Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores, Major Thomas James McCristell, put the pieces together for the final establishment of New Zealand’s military Ordnance Services. Ordnance Procedures for the New Zealand Defence Forces drafted in 1916 were released on 23 January 1917, providing the New Zealand military with regulations concerning Ordnance Services.[8]  These procedures were a forward-looking document and can be considered the foundation of New Zealand’s military store accounting procedures.

In line with the British AOC organisation, the New Zealand Ordnance Services were to consist of the,

  • Officers organised into the NZAOD as,
    • Directing Staff.
    • Executive Staff.
    • Inspectorial Staff.
  • Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and soldiers organised into the NZAOC,
    • Clerical and Stores Section.
    • Armourers Section.
    • Armament Artificers Section. [9]

Included in the establishment of the NZAOC were Artificers of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, the Artillery Ordnance Corps Section and the Armourers of the NZOC.

It must be noted that from 1917 the New Zealand Military now maintained two NZAOCs whose only relationship was in name and had no technical relationship. These were,

  • The New Zealand Expeditionary Force NZAOC was formed as a unit of the NZEF in 1915 and was disestablished in 1921.[10] This NZAOC consisted of Officers, Warrant Officers, NCOs and Other Ranks.

27 June 1924 – Reconstitution of the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps

On 3 July 1924, a notice published in the New Zealand Gazette revoked the regulations that established the NZAOD and NZAOC on 1 February 1917. Backdated to 27 June 1924, the NZAOD was reconstituted as part of the NZAOC, resulting in one Ordnance organisation serving as part of the New Zealand Permanent Forces.[11]

1 November 1940 – New Zealand Ordnance Corps

Unlike the New Zealand Army Service Corps, which consisted of the New Zealand Permanent Army Service Corps (NZPASC) as part of the Permanent Army and the NZASC as its Territorial Army component, the NZAOC did not maintain a Territorial Army component of part-time citizen-soldiers. With the onset of war in 1939 and the mobilisation of the Territorial Army in 1940, the Quartermaster General, Colonel Henry Esau Avery, decided that Light Aid Detachments were an Ordnance responsibility and established the NZOC as the NZAOC Component of Territorial Army as of 1 November 1940.[12]

As in the First World War, the 2NZEF also maintained Ordnance units. 2NZEF Order 221 of March 1941 set NZOC as the title of Ordnance in the NZEF.[13]  1942 saw the separation of maintenance and repair functions from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) with the formation of the Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (EME) in the Brutish Army. The New Zealand Division followed suit and formed the New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (NZEME) on 1 December 1942, placing repair and maintenance elements into the NZEME with the Ordnance Stores and Services functions remaining as the NZOC. However, as the NZEME was a 2NZEF element and not formed as part of New Zealand’s Force at home and in the Pacific, men posted to the NZEME were still listed as part of the NZOC.

The NZEF NZOC was disestablished along with the NZEF in 1946.

1 September 1946 – NZAOC Reorganisation

On 1 September 1946, the NZAOC underwent its first major post-war reorganisation with several significant changes reshaping the NZAOC, including,

  • MT Workshops, Ordnance Workshops, and Armourers Workshops separated from the NZAOC to form the NZEME.[14]
  • The Distinction between Regular and non-Regular soldiers in place across the army since 1909 was removed. The NZOC was disestablished, and its Officers and Soldiers integrated into the NZAOC.[15]

12 July 1947 – Designation as a Royal Corps

In recognition of the valuable services provided by New Zealand’s Military Forces during the Second World War, King George VI approved in 1947 the addition of the prefix “Royal” to be granted to the following Corps of the New Zealand Military Forces

  • The New Zealand Armoured Corps
  • The New Zealand Engineers
  • The New Zealand Corps of Signals
  • The New Zealand Infantry Corps
  • The New Zealand Army Service Corps
  • The New Zealand Army Medical Corps
  • The New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps
  • The New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
  • The New Zealand Army Dental Corps
  • The New Zealand Chaplains Department.[16]

Taking effect from 12 July 1947, the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps, further embraced this honour by adopting 12 July as the RNZAOC Corps Day.

Notes

[1] “Two armourer sergeants imported from England,” Archives New Zealand Item No R24403217  ( 1902).

[2] “Buckley, Bertram,” Personal File, Archives New Zealand (Wellington) 1900,.

[3] NZ Armourers, New Zealand Military Forces, General Order 118/12, (Wellington, 1 May 1912), 44-45. ; “Boyce, John – WWI 35094, WWII 4239 – Army,” Personal File, Archives New Zealand (Wellington) 1914.

[4] In 1914 the stocks of New Zealand Artillery consisted of a variety of obsolete, obsolescent and current field and fixed coast artillery pieces, including  6-Pounder Hotchkiss gun; QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt; QF 12 pounder 12 cwt gun; Ordnance QF 18-pounder; QF 4.5-inch howitzer; BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun, 6-inch gun Mk V; BL 8 inch Mk VII naval gun.”(Capt J O’Sullivan Director of Stores – Return of Ordnance and Ammunition in New Zealand),” Archives New Zealand Item No R24750839  (14 March 1906), .; Peter Cooke, Defending New Zealand: Ramparts on the Sea 1840-1950s (Wellington, NZ: Defence of New Zealand Study Group, 2000, 2000), 833.

[5] Major J.S Bolton, A History of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Trentham: RNZAOC, 1992), 54-56.

[6] Formation of Army Ordnance Corps Section, New Zealand Defence Forces, General Order 90, (Wellington, 1 April 1915).

[7] “New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps Regulations,” New Zealand Gazette, No 95, June 7, 1917.

[8] organised into five sections covering all the Ordnance administrative and accounting required of the New Zealand Military:                Section 1 – Administration, Section 2 – Charge of Storehouses, Magazine and Workshops, Section 3 – Charge of Stores, Section 4 – Small-arms and machine guns, Section 5 Supply and Receipt of stores and clothing, Section 6 – Transmission and consignment of Stores, Section 7 – Stocktaking, survey and sales of stores, Section 8 – Receiving, issuing and Accounting “Regulations

[9] “New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps Regulations,” New Zealand Gazette No 95 (Wellington), June 7 1917, 2292-93.

[10] Robert McKie, “Ordnance at the Front – The New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps in the NZEF, 1914 to1920,” The Volunteers: New Zealand Military Historical Society 46, no. 1 (2020): 7-24.

[11] “NZAOD and NZAOC,” New Zealand Gazette July 3 1924.

[12] “Formation of New Units, Changes in Designation, and Reorganization of Units of the Territorial Force. ,” New Zealand Gazette, No 127, 19 December 1940, http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1940/127.pdf.

[13] Designation of Units – Ordnance Corps, 2NZEF Order 221, (March 1940).

[14] “Organisation – Policy and General – Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps 1946-1984,” Archives New Zealand Item No R17311537  (1946).

[15] “Formation of Unit of the New Zealand Permanent Force,” New Zealand Gazette No 60, 29 August 1946, http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1946/60.pdf.

[16] “Designation of Corps of New Zealand Military Forces altered and Title ” Royal ” added,” New Zealand Gazette No 39, 17 July 1947, http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1947/39.pdf.

The bell of the M.V Rangitata

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Hidden in an alcove under some stairs at New Zealand’s Army’s Trade Training School is a surprising item of memorabilia not generally associated with the Army, a Ships Bell belonging to the M.V Rangitata.

With no labels or tags identifying its origins, its mounting cradle indicates that it was mounted in a social club or smoko room and used to call the room to attention for important announcements.

The journey of this bell and why it now rests at Trentham has long been forgotten. However, it does hold a surprising place in the whakapapa of the Royal New Zealand Army Logistics Regiment.

Established in 1873, the New Zealand Shipping Company (NZSC) helped pioneer the trade of frozen goods from New Zealand to England and became one of New Zealand’s premier shipping companies with domestic and international routes.

In the late 1920s, the NZSC undertook a significant investment in its fleet for the Wellington to London route and had three modern diesel-powered passenger/cargo ships built, the Rangitane, the Rangitiki and the Rangitata.

MV Rangitata

Known as the “Rangi” ships, from 1929, these 16,737-ton diesel-powered vessels dominated the service between England and New Zealand with a four-weekly service, making the voyage via the Panama Canal and Pitcairn Island in 32 days.

All three Rangis served in various war-related roles from 1939.

The Rangitane

whilst transiting from New Zealand to England was sunk three hundred miles east of New Zealand by the German surface raiders Komet and Orion on 27 November 1940.

The Rangitiki

In November 1940, as its sister was facing German raiders in the Pacific, as the largest vessel in the thirty-eight vessel trans-Atlantic convoy HX 84, the Rangitiki encountered the German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer, and although eight merchant vessels were lost, the Rangitiki completed the voyage. In December 1940, as part of Trans-Atlantic convoy WS 5, the Rangitiki then survived an encounter with the German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. In 1945 the Rangitiki returned to the New Zealand -England route as it undertook repatriation voyages returning Servicemen and War brides home from Europe. Following eighty-seven peacetime return voyages between New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the Rangitiki was retired and broken up as scrap in 1962.

The Rangitata

In 1937 the Rangitata transported troops to England for the coronation of King George VI, and in 1939 was requisitioned for war service.  During the war, some of the Rangitata’s eventful voyages included transporting 113 child evacuees from England to New Zealand. Later in the war, it transported United States soldiers from the USA to England. Following the war, the Rangitata was fitted out as a war-bride ship and, in 1947, transported the first post-war draft of immigrants to New Zealand. Returning to peacetime service with its sister ship, the Rangitiki, the Rangitata was also scrapped in 1962.

The wartime voyage of significance to the RNZALR is the Rangitata’s participation in carrying the First Echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2nd NZEF) from Wellington to Egypt in January/February 1940.

Six merchant vessels made up Convoy US.1 sailing from Wellington on 4 January 1940, carrying 345 Officers and 6175 other ranks of the Second Echelon of the 2nd NZEF.

As part of Convoy US.1, the Rangitata transported the following units to Egypt.

  • Divisional Cavalry: A and B Sqns (369 men)
  • NZANS Nursing Sisters (3)
  • Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve ratings.
  • 2 NZEF Overseas Base
  • 13 Light Aid Detachment, New Zealand Ordnance Corps (1 Officer + 12 Other Ranks)
  • 13 Light Aid Detachment, New Zealand Ordnance Corps (1 Officer + 12 Other Ranks)

The following members of the New Zealand Ordnance Corps have been identified as sailing on the Rangitata. As the war progressed, several of these men held significant positions in the NZOC and from November 1942, the New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (NZEME). A small number continued to serve in the post-war NZ Army.

  • Lieutenant Donald Edward Harper, NZOC, Base Depot
    • finished the war as Lieutenant Colonel and the 2nd NZ Div Assistant Director of Ordnance Services.
Lieutenant Colonel Donald Harper Bull, George Robert, 1910-1996. Lieutenant Colonel D E Harper – Photograph taken by George Bull. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch:Photographs relating to World War 1914-1918, World War 1939-1945, occupation of Japan, Korean War, and Malayan Emergency. Ref: DA-05919-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23233849
  • 2nd Lieutenant John Owen Kelsey, NZOC, 13 LAD
    • Served as an Ordnance Mechanical Engineer (OME), Senior Ordnance Mechanical Engineer (SOME), Assistant Director of Ordnance Services (ADOS) and acting Chief Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (CRÈME). Completed the war as a Colonel and was awarded an MBE and MID
  • 2nd Lieutenant Robert Hassell England, NZOC, 14 LAD
    • Promoted to Captain and served as OC 3 NZ Field Workshop and NZ Divisional Ordnance Field Park
  • Warrant Officer Class One Kevin Graham Keith Cropp, Base Depot
    • Remained in the RNZAOC post-war and retired as a Major in 1955
  • Warrant Officer Class One Francis Reid, NZOC, Base Depot
    • He was commissioned and served throughout the war. Remained in the RNZAOC after the war and as a Lieutenant Colonel, was the Director of Ordnance Services from November 1949 to March 1957.
  • Warrant Officer Class Two Andrew Gunn, NZOC, 13 LAD
    • KIA Greece. 18 April 1941
  • Corporal Randal Martin Holmes, NZOC, 14 LAD
  • Corporal Robert William Watson, NZOC, Base Depot
  • Private Rodger Langdon Ashcroft, NZOC, Base Depot
  • Private John Noel Shadwell Heron, NZOC, Base Depot
  • Private Mark Edwin Ivey, NZOC, Base Depot
  • Private Edward McTavish MacPherson, NZOC, Base Depot
  • Private Lionel Edward Campbell, NZOC, 14 LAD
  • Private Lionel John McGreevy, NZOC, 14 LAD

Although this list is not exhaustive, the few highlighted names indicate the logistical talent onboard the Rangitata during its voyage as part of Convoy US.1. Officers such as Harper, Kelsey and Reid went on and play a significant role in shaping the future of New Zealand Military Supply and Maintenance Support trades.

Although the journey of the MV Rangitata’s Bell and how it ended up in Trentham may never be known, the hope is that given its relationship to the Logisticians of the First Echelon, in the future, the RNZALR will place and display this bell in a position of significance.

Bryan Nelson Jennings Memorial Trophy

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The Bryan Nelson Jennings Memorial Trophy would, for a short period in the 1990s, be a coveted trophy awarded to the most outstanding Automotive Parts and Accessories Merchandising Apprentice of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps(RNZAOC).

Apprenticeships for the Automotive Parts and Accessories Merchandising Trade (AP Trade) had been established in 1965 to provide the RNZAOC with skilled tradespeople for employment in RNZAOC Workshops Stores Sections that had been established as part of Royal New Zealand Electrical Mechanical and Electrical Engineers(RNZEME) Workshops and Light Aid Detachments in 1962.

The role of RNZAOC Stores Sections was to carry and manage the specialised holdings of spares, assemblies & workshop materials (Class 9 stores) of their parent workshops.

Administered by the New Zealand Trade Certification Board (now the New Zealand Qualifications Authority), the Automotive Parts and Accessories Merchandising apprentice training scheme consisted of 9000 working hours of study and on the job training with three Trade Board examinations required to gain the trade qualification.

Initially, apprentices would begin their training as 16-year-old Regular Force Cadets (RF Cadets), who, on graduation, would complete their apprentice training at the Main Ordnance Depot, MT Spares Section at Trentham Camp. However, during the 1970s, RNZAOC direct entry recruits were also accepted as apprentices.

Further progression in the AP trade was achieved by qualified apprentices undertaking the New Zealand Management Certificate in Automotive Parts & Accessories Merchandising. the first two Certificate level qualifications were awarded in 1988 To;

  • Sergeant M Wilson (0001)
  • Sergeant S O’Brien (0002)

The final AP Trade Apprentice would be recruited in 1996, following which the apprentice scheme would cease as the foundation for the AP Trade.

Warrant Officer Class One Bryan Nelson Jennings

Bryan was born in Wellington in 1926. Too young to see active service in WW2, Bryan served with the Melrose Battalion, Wellington South Home Guard unit from 1 April 1943 to 1 April 1944, attaining the rank of Corporal.

Volunteering for service with ‘J ‘ Force, the New Zealand component of the British Occupation Forces (BCOF) in Japan, Bryana would be posted to 4 New Zealand Base Ordnance Depot (later renamed to 4 NZ Ordnance Field Park) in August 1946. Completing his engagement, Bryan would return to New Zealand on 14 September 1947. Following a short period posted to the Main Ordnance Depot in Trentham as part of the post-war Interim Army, Bryan was soon discharged and returned to civilian life.

Enlisting into the Regular Forces RNZAXCO on1 April 1948, Bryan undertook a short period of refresher training at the Army School of Instruction at Trentham before being posted to the Main Ordnance Depot as a storeman in the Technical Spares Group and later in the Tyre Store.

Temporarily posted to 10 Coastal Regiment RNZA at Fort Dorset, Bryan, like many of his contemporaries, would be employed on the wharves during the 1951 Waterfront Workers strike.

Promoted to Temporary Sergeant on 25 November 1953, Bryan would be promoted Staff Sergeant on 13 October 1958. Poste to 1 Composite Ordnance Company n loan back in 1964, Bryan would remain at the Main Ordnance Depot.

Posted to 1 General Troops Workshops, Stores Section, Linton Camp as a Warrant Officer Class Two in 1965, Bryan would soon find himself loaned back to the Central Districts Motor Transport Workshops at Trentham.

Seconded to the New Zealand Cadre (Fiji) of the Fijian Military Forces in 1968 as a Temporary Warrant Officer Class One in 1968, Bryan would spend the next two years assisting in the training and development of the Fiji Military Forces.

Returning to New Zealand in January 1971, Bryan was posted to 1 Base Workshops, Trentham and promoted to Warrant Officer Class One. Bryan would remain at 1 Base Workshops and the IC Stores section until his release from the army on n 21 April 1981.

During Bryans more than thirty-two years of service, he was awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct medal on 25 March 1965, followed by the Meritorious Service Medal on19 April 1978.

Following his retirement, Bryan would remain in Upper Hurt. Staying engaged with the community, Bryan was an active member of the Lions organisation and a member of the School Board of the Heretaunga College.

Bryan passed away on 9 August 1989 at Upper Hurt after a long illness.

In his memory, The Bryan Nelson Jennings memorial trophy was instituted in 1991. Although not an AP Trade Apprentice himself, Bryan was a mentor to many apprentices and was described as a legend in the trade.

The object of the award was to provide a tangible mark of achievement and was intended to encourage junior soldiers of the AP trade to reach and maintain a high standard of professional competence and personnel integrity.

Nominations for the award were graded against the following attributes:

  • Basic Soldier Skills
  • Loyalty
  • Sportsmanship
  • Enthusiasm
  • Dress, bearing and personnel appearance
  • Trade Skills

Personnel eligible for consideration for the trophy were to meet the following requirements

  • Not be above the rank of Substantive Lance Corporal
  • Must have attended either 1st, 2nd or 3rd qualifying examinations in the past 12 Months
  • Must still be serving their apprenticeship.

The Trophy now resides at the Trade Training School of the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment.

Statistical Analysis of the RNZAOC in K Force

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From 1950 to 1957, about 4700 New Zealand service personnel served with K Force, New Zealand’s contribution to the United Nations as part of the Korean War. Placed into a Commonwealth Division alongside units from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and India, the bulk of New Zealand’s soldiers served with the two core units that composed New Zealand contribution to the Commonwealth Division: 16 Field Regiment and 10 Transport Squadron. However, many men also served in the many administrative and support units required to maintain the Commonwealth Division.

As part of this administrative tail, from 1950 to 1956, the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC) provided twenty-eight men who were distributed across the Ordnance Units of the Commonwealth Division in South Korea and Japan, including;[1]

  • The NZ Ordnance Section,
  • Base Ordnance Depot,
  • Ordnance Field Park and
  • Forward Ammunition Points.
British Commonwealth Forces Korea, Base Ordnance Depot, Pusan, South Korea on 2 October 1952. The RAOC are in the dark berets, the RCOC in the ski caps, the RAAOC sport their familiar slouch hats and the RNZAOC are in the light-coloured uniforms.

K Force was an emergency force raised by calling for volunteers from New Zealand’s Regular Force and Civil population, with 5982 men volunteering.[2] It was a mixture of Regular Soldiers, World War Two Veterans and Civilians with little military experience. This article provides a statistical analysis of the twenty-eight RNZAOC men who served in K Force from 1950 to 1956.

The RNZAOC contribution consisted of.

  • Fourteen men already serving in the RNZAOC, comprising of.
    • Eleven Other Ranks and
    • Three Officers
  • Fourteen direct civilian entries into K Force.

Strength

The Twenty-Eight RNZAOC Men did not all serve in K Force at the same time. The peak of the RNZAOC contribution was in December 1952, when fifteen RNZAOC men were serving in K Force.

The Average annual strength of the RNZAOC in K Force was.

  • 1950 – Six men
  • 1951 – Six men
  • 1952 – Twelve men
  • 1953 – Thirteen men
  • 1954 – Twelve men
  • 1955 – Five men
  • 1956 – One man

Length of RNZAOC Service in K Force

The Average RNZAOC service in K Force was One Year and Five Months

  • The shortest length of service in K Force by an RNZAOC soldier was ten months
  • Twenty RNZAOC Soldiers served in K Force for two years or less
  • Five RNZAOC Soldiers served in K Force for three years or less
  • Two RNZAOC Soldiers served in K Force for four years or less
  • One RNZAOC Soldier served in K Force for four years and four months

Age

On Deploying to Korea, the RNZAOC K Force soldier’s average age was twenty eight years of age. The youngest RNZAOC Soldiers were twenty-one years of age, and the oldest was thirty-eight years of age.

The break down of ages of RNZAOC Soldiers on deployment to K Force was;

  • 21 – Six Soldiers
  • 22– One Soldier
  • 23– Two Soldiers
  • 24– Four Soldiers
  • 25– One Soldier
  • 26– One Soldier
  • 27– Two Soldiers
  • 28– Four Soldiers
  • 29– Three Soldiers
  • 30– Two Soldiers
  • 31– One Soldier
  • 37– One Soldier

Martial Status

Of the Twenty eight men that served in K Force, only one man was married.

Military Experience

Fourteen had WW2 Service in the following forces

  • Seven in the RNZAF
  • One in the NZASC and RNZAF
  • Two in 28 Bn of the 2nd NZEF
  • One in the British Army
  • One in the British and Indian Armies
  • Two in the Australian Army

Seven had served in the immediate Post War Period with the British Occupation Forces in Japan (BCOF)

  • Six with New Zealands J Force
  • One with the Australian Army

One had completed Compulsory Military Training (CMT)

Three had no military experience.

The fourteen men who were regular RNZAOC Officers and Soldiers had Regular Force service from 1947;

  • One from 1947
  • Nine from 1949
  • Four from 1951

Civilian Occupations

The Civilian Occupations of the Civilian RNZAOC K Force recruits were;

  • One Clerk
  • One Freezing Worker
  • One General Duties Worker, Hydro Dept
  • One Grocery Manager
  • One Labourer
  • One Mill Worker
  • One Painter
  • One Railway Porter
  • One Shop Assistant
  • Three storeman
  • Two  with Occupations Not State

Military Service After K Force

On completion of service with K Force, some men remained in the military, others returned to their civilian occupations.

Of the Fourteen Regular Force RNZAOC men who served in K Force;

  • The three Officers remained in the Army as career officers.
    • Patrick William Rennison – Retired as a Major in 1958.
    • Geoffrey John Hayes Atkinson – Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in 1972.
    • John Barrie Glasson – Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in 1972.
  • Barry Stewart remained a career soldier in the RNZAOC, retiring as a Captain in 1982
  • Thomas Allan (Tom) Hill remained a career soldier in the RNZEME, retiring as a Warrant Officer Class One in 1982
  • Desmond Mervyn (Des) Kerslake remained in the RNZAOC until 1961
  • Six soldiers took their discharge on completion of their 5-year engagement
    • Leonard Ferner (Len) Holder
    • Owen (Chook) Fowell
    • Neville Wallace Beard
    • James Adams (Snowy) Donaldson
    • Richard John Smart
    • Edward Tanguru
  • Two soldiers took their discharge on payment before the end of their 5-year engagement.
    • Keith Robert Meynell Gamble
    • Harold Ernest Strange (Harry) Fry

Of the fourteen civilians who joined the RNZAOC for service in K Force.

  • Twelve did not pursue military careers.
    • Dennis Arthur Astwood
    • Wiremu Matenga
    • Bruce Jerome Berney
    • Thomas Joseph Fitzsimons
    • Gane Cornelius Hibberd
    • James Russell Don
    • James Ivo Miller
    • Gordon Winstone East
    • Alexander George Dobbins
    • Abraham Barbara
    • John Neil Campbell
    • Philip Hayhurst (Tony) Kirkman
  • Joseph James Enright Cates joined the RNZAOC, retiring as a Sergeant in 1978
  • Ernest Radnell entered the Australian Army.

This is just an initial snapshot of the RNZAOC men that served in K Force from 1950 to 1956 and provides a start point for further research into this very small yet essential component of K Force.

Notes

[1] Howard E. Chamberlain, The New Zealand Korea Roll : honouring those who served in the New Zealand Armed Forces in Korea 1950-1957 ([Waikanae]: Howard Chamberlain, 2013).

[2] Michael King, New Zealanders at war, Rev. and updated ed ed. (Penguin, 2003), Non-fiction, 277.