Largely forgotten today, the early 1930s marked a tumultuous period for the New Zealand military which was profoundly impacted by the Great Depression. In 1931, facing unprecedented economic pressures, the military was compelled to enact severe cutbacks and reductions. The lessons drawn from these pivotal events offer invaluable insights into fortifying the resilience and adaptability of today’s military forces amidst contemporary strategic and economic uncertainties.
Establishment and Early Developments
Established in 1917, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (NZAOC) quickly became integral to the country’s Permanent Military Forces. However, the onset of the global economic depression triggered substantial changes in New Zealand’s military funding and organisational structure. As the worldwide economic downturn took hold, austerity measures and restructuring became unavoidable, necessitating a comprehensive overhaul of the NZAOC to align with the new economic realities.
Badges of the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps, 1917 -1937. Robert McKie Collection
Established in 1917, the intervening years had seen the NZAOC decline in personnel from its peak strength of 493 in 1919 to an average of 118 officers and other ranks between 1920 and 1930. Despite this reduction, significant infrastructural advancements replaced the colonial-era facilities with modern buildings across various locations. Key NZAOC establishments included:
Northern Military District:
Ordnance Depot and Workshop at Waikato Camp in Hopuhopu, constructed in 1928.
Ordnance Workshop at Devonport’s artillery yard (now the RNZN Museum).
Small Arms Ammunition Testing Staff stationed at the Colonial Ammunition Company factory in Mount Eden, Auckland.
Central Military District:
The Main Ordnance Depot and Workshop at Trentham was established as a permanent camp in 1915.
The Ammunition Section at Fort Balance.
Southern Military District:
The Ordnance Depot and Workshop at Burnham Camp was established in 1921 with the ongoing construction of new infrastructure.
These developments underscored the NZAOC’s strategic presence in the Northern, Central, and Southern Military Districts.
1938 Military Camp, Hopuhopu, Waikato. Whites Aviation Ltd: Photographs. Ref: WA-55972-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23181165
Economic Downturn and Military Reorganisation
The economic downturn of the early 1930s necessitated severe cuts to government expenditure, compelling the New Zealand military to undergo substantial reorganisation. In 1930, the military’s strength stood at 555 regulars and 16,990 Territorials. By 1931, this was reduced to 349 regulars and 3,655 Territorials. These reductions were implemented under the provisions of the Finance Act, 1930 (No. 2), which facilitated compulsory retirements and transfers to civilian roles for many NZAOC personnel.
The Act authorised the retirement on superannuation of any member of the Permanent Force or the Permanent Staff under the Defence Act, 1909, or of the clerical staff of the Defence Department whose age or length of service was such that if five years had been added they would have been enabled as of right or with the consent of the Minister of Defence to have given notice to retire voluntarily. Compulsory retirement under this Act was facilitated in two tranches:
Tranche 1: Personnel Retired without Superannuation:
Servicemen eligible for retirement under the provision of the Act who were not contributing to the superannuation scheme were notified on 13 December 1930 of their impending release. They were granted six weeks of special leave, effective 31 December 1930, with their final release scheduled for 11 February 1931 after completing their notice period.
Tranche 2: Personnel Retired with Superannuation:
Servicemen eligible for retirement under the provision of the Act who were contributing to the superannuation scheme received notification on 13 December 1930. Their salary continued until 31 March 1931, with superannuation benefits commencing in April. Accrued leave entitlements were taken concurrently during this notice period, resulting in much leave accrued forfeited.
These tranches included Ordnance soldiers who had joined the NZAOC since its formation in 1917. Some had transferred directly from the Defence Stores, while others had served in the pre-war Permanent Forces or had active service with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF). Their compulsory retirement represented a significant loss of knowledge and experience for the New Zealand military. Under the provisions of section 39 of the Finance Act, 1930 (No. 2), 44 members of the NZAOC were placed on compulsory retirement, including the following personnel who have so far been identified.
Northern Military District
948. Lieutenant Michael Joseph Lyons, MSM
968 Sergeant Thomas Alexander Hunter, MSM
62 Private Frank Jewiss
166 Sergeant William John Rabbidge
268 Staff Quartermaster Sergeant James Alexander Kenning
Captain Frank Edwin Ford
Central Military District
19 Sergeant Alfred Charles Butler
39 Corporal Simon Alexander Fraser
64 Gunner Maurice Francis Johnstone
111 Corporal John Sawyer
920 Corporal Gordon James Francis Arenas
941 Sergeant William Hans McIlraith
956 Staff Sergeant Saddler George Alexander Carter, MSM
960 Sergeant Frank William Ching
965 Corporal Philip Alexander MacKay MSM
976 Private William Valentine Wood MSM
978 Corporal Earnest John Williams MSM
1018 Sargeant Major James Oliver Pringle Southgate
1024 Armament-Artificer Eric Wallace Jepson
Lieutenant L.A Clement
Captain Alfred William Baldwin
Captain William Moody Bell
55 Staff Quartermaster Sergeant John Francis Hunter MSM
143 Armament Sergeant Major (WO1) Joseph Warren
995 Staff Sergeant Wilfred Robert White
Southern Military District
2 Armament Staff Quartermaster Sergeant John Alexander Adamson MSM
1006 Lance Corporal Norman William Wilkie
Corporal Cecil John Knight
Captain Arthur Rumbold Carter White
966 Lance Corporal William Terrington Popple, MSM
Transition to Civilian Roles
To achieve further cost savings, 74 NZAOC soldiers received notifications in December 1930 that their positions would be retained but transferred to civilian roles with civilian pay rates. This transition took effect in February 1931, causing significant disruption for those affected, including the loss of accumulated leave and adjustment to civilian life..
Some of these soldiers were transferred to other departments within the defence establishment, while the majority remained in their current roles within the NZAOC Ordnance Depots and workshops. They transitioned overnight from wearing uniforms to civilian clothes, with significantly reduced rates of pay and civil service conditions of service. The following personnel have so far been identified as being transferred to the Civil Staff.
Northern Military District
967 Corporal Robert John Gamble
974 Corporal Henry William Le Comte
983 Sergeant Clifford Verne Little
996 Lance Corporal Athol Gilroy McCurdy
202 Lance Corporal Arthur Graham Munday
Central Military District
972 Private John Dennis Anderson
35 Lance Corporal Harry Harper Ekins
1061 Lance Corporal Earnest Fenton
4 Sergeant Kenneth Olaf John Andersen
699 Corporal Oliver Avis, MM
889 Staff Sergeant George Bagnell
1004 Lance Corporal James Johnston Bolt
961 Lance Corporal Edgar Charles Boult
1000 Private George Cumming Bremner
1027 Artificer William Cowan Brizzle
1003 Lance Corporal Ernest Carr
1012 Lance Corporal Charles Fred Ecob
864 Corporal William Charles Francis
1025 Tent-Repairer-Artificer Herbert Roy Griffin
714 Lance Corporal Kenneth Hoare
1016 Private Ernest William Hughes
989 Corporal Percy Reuben Hunter
213 Lance Corporal William Saul Keegan
1019 Private Edward Gavin Lake
342 Corporal Allen Charles Leighton
998 Lance Corporal Allen Dudley Leighton
1011 Lance Corporal Geoffrey Charles Leighton
363 Staff Sergeant David Llewellyn Lewis, MSM
1007 Lance Corporal Thomas James Mclaughlin
1020 Private John Douglas Melville
894 SQMS (WO2) James Moroney Sergeant David Nicol]
1023 Lance Corporal John Nixon
467 Corporal George Wantford Pamment
1013 Private Francis Reid
1022 Private Henry McKenzie Reid
1014 Wheeler-Artificer Robert Stacey Vincent Rowe
665 Private William Alexander Sammons
927 Private Leonard William Sanders
963 Corporal Albert Edward Shadbolt
138 Lance Corporal David Henry Strickland
1017 Private Lionel Herbert Stroud
Southern Military District
970 Sergeant Edward Vincent Coleman
1028 Private Percival Nowell Erridge
959 Sergeant Charles Edward Gleeson
1276 Private Lewis Haslett
885 Corporal Charles James Johnston Storie
728 Private William Sampson Valentine
Impact on Military Preparedness and Social Consequences
The compulsory retirements and transfers to civilian roles led to a reduction in the NZAOC’s military strength, impacting its preparedness during subsequent years. However, beginning in 1934, improved government finances allowed for an increase in the army’s training tempo, despite global events hinting at looming conflict. The following personnel who have so far been identified as been retained:
Northern Military District
984 Staff Sergeant Thomas Joseph Holliday
1260 Armament Staff Quartermaster Sergeant Samuel Thomson MSM
915 Armament Staff Sergeant Eric John Hunter
141 Armourer Corporal Reginald Samuel Henry Lyons
Central Military District
14 Armament Sergeant Major Bertram Buckley
992 Armament Corporal Hilliard Charles Cooper
1029 Artificer James Dabney
964 Warrant Officer Class 1 John William Dalton
1032 Armourer Staff Sergeant Frederick Henry Dew
979 Armourer Staff Sergeant John William Evers
1026 Armament Sergeant Leo Stanley Jefcoate
Major Thomas Joseph King
945 WO2 Armament SQMS Henry Albert Wiliam Pierard
1021 Armament Staff Sergeant Arthur Sydney Richardson
1010 Lance Corporal George Frederick Robert Ware
Southern Military District
7 Corporal Percey Charles Austin
25 Armourer Staff Sargeant Francis Augustus Clapshaw
Lieutenant Henry Erridge Erridge
The reduction in the Territorial Force in 1931 resulted in decreased activity in subsequent years. However, beginning in 1934, improved government finances allowed for an increase in the army’s training tempo. Concurrently, global events in China, Ethiopia, and Germany hinted at looming conflict, prompting a gradual shift towards preparing for future mobilisation. Under the leadership of Major Thomas Joseph King, who served as Director of Ordnance Services (DOS) since 1924, the NZAOC worked diligently within its means to enhance readiness, including designing a new system of stores accounting for the emerging Royal New Zealand Air Force.
The new NZAOC Badge was approved in 1937. Robert McKie Collection
King focused on recruiting new personnel and leveraging his civilian staff, who were former NZAOC soldiers, to reenlist experienced individuals into key leadership roles at Trentham, Hopuhopu, and Burnham. When war was declared in September 1939, King successfully mobilised his small military and civilian team to form the rump of the New Zealand Ordnance Corps (NZOC) within the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF).
During the 1938-45 war, nearly all NZAOC soldiers who had been transferred to civilian roles in 1931 found themselves back in uniform, restarting their military careers as Ordnance Officers, Warrant Officers, and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs) alongside their peers who had been retained. Many from this group continued to provide leadership within the RNZAOC and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RNZEME) up to the 1960s, with several even holding the prestigious position of DOS in the post-war army.
Lieutenant Colonel Francis Reid handed over the position of DOS to his brother, Lieutenant Colonel Henry McKenzie Reid, on 31 March 1957. Both brothers joined the NZAOC as soldiers in the late 1920s, only to be transferred to the civilian staff in 1931. Commissioned during WW2, both served with distinction throughout the war.
Negative Effects and Lessons Learned
The 1931 reductions in the New Zealand military, driven by the economic pressures of the Great Depression, had profound and lasting negative effects, both socially and in terms of military preparedness. Socially, the abrupt compulsory retirements and transitions to civilian roles caused significant upheaval for the affected soldiers and their families. The loss of accumulated leave and the sudden shift from military to civilian life resulted in considerable stress and financial strain.
In terms of military preparedness, the reductions led to a substantial loss of experienced personnel and institutional knowledge. The drastic decrease in the Territorial Force and overall military strength severely hampered the country’s ability to maintain an effective and ready military force. The reduced activity and training during the early 1930s left the military less prepared for the impending global conflicts of the late 1930s and early 1940s than in 1914. This lack of preparedness could have had dire consequences had international tensions escalated more quickly.
However, subsequent efforts to rebuild, modernise, and mobilise the military demonstrated the resilience and adaptability of the New Zealand military. Starting in 1934 under the leadership of Major Thomas Joseph King, the NZAOC enhanced its readiness by recruiting new personnel and reenlisting former soldiers from the civilian staff. The return of nearly all NZAOC soldiers to uniformed service during the 1939-1945 war showcased their dedication and the critical role of experienced personnel in maintaining military effectiveness.
The 1931 reductions’ experiences highlight the importance of balancing economic constraints and the need for a capable and prepared military force. These lessons remain relevant today as modern military forces navigate similar challenges amidst strategic and economic uncertainties. Ensuring that reductions do not compromise long-term readiness and resilience is crucial for the effective functioning of any military organisation.
Notes
[1] (1930). “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces.” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives.
[2] (1931). “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces June 1930 to May 1931.” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1 January 1941.
[3] (1914). King, Thomas Joseph. Personal File, Archives New Zealand. Wellington.
In the New Zealand Army, commemorating significant days by various Corps and Regiments serves a dual purpose: honouring historical milestones and fostering unit cohesion. Each celebration, whether it’s “Gunners Day” for the Royal New Zealand Artillery or “Corps Day” for the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC), holds profound symbolic value.
For the RNZAOC, the designation of 12 July as Corps Day is more than just a date on the calendar. It signifies a commitment to readiness and operational excellence. This day marks the granting of Royal Status in 1947, acknowledging the NZAOC’s pivotal contributions during World War II. It reminds us of their indispensable role in providing logistical and ordnance support, which is critical for our military’s operational success.
In today’s geopolitical landscape, characterised by a resurgence in potential peer-to-peer conflicts reminiscent of the 1940s, nations like New Zealand are grappling with the limitations of past strategies. Attempts to globalise manufacturing, civilianise military supply chains, and adopt lean models post-Cold War have left us less prepared for contemporary warfare challenges compared to the military readiness observed before the conflicts of the late 1930s.
Historically, the NZAOC faced significant challenges, notably in 1931 during a global financial downturn when the New Zealand Army underwent substantial reductions. Despite these setbacks, from 1934 onwards, the NZAOC began rebuilding its capabilities, laying the groundwork for mobilising an expeditionary force by 1939. This transformation positioned the NZAOC as a well-organised corps crucial to supporting New Zealand’s military efforts during the Second World War.
Recognising its wartime contributions by granting Royal status in 1947 was a testament to the NZAOC’s resilience and excellence. Even as the RNZAOC was disbanded in 1996 and its functions integrated into the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment, concerns over the loss of institutional knowledge emerged. The expertise accumulated since 1917, when the RNZAOC pioneered military stores provisioning and warehousing in New Zealand, has significantly diminished due to modernisation efforts within the NZDF to streamline logistics operations.
While these observances uphold institutional memory and traditions within our military, critics argue they risk becoming mere rituals without meaningful engagement with contemporary challenges or advancements in military practice. Hence, while honouring historical milestones remains crucial, adapting to modern operational demands is equally imperative for our military’s continued success. Keeping the window to past achievements open allows us to draw inspiration and lessons from history while evolving to effectively meet present and future challenges.
In conclusion, the observance of Corps and Regimental days in the New Zealand Army is pivotal in maintaining tradition and bolstering unit cohesion. However, this must be complemented by a forward-looking approach that ensures readiness and effectiveness in contemporary military operations. Balancing these aspects is key to navigating future challenges while honouring our rich military heritage.
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The Battle of Crete, fought from 20 May to 1 June 1941, was the first primarily airborne invasion in history. German paratroopers played a crucial role in the Axis assault, and despite fierce resistance from British, Australian, New Zealand, and Greek troops, the Allies were ultimately forced to evacuate. The high cost of German casualties, however, left such a mark on Hitler that he never again authorised a large-scale airborne operation.
While much has been written about the combat actions and strategic implications of the battle, the logistics behind sustaining the defence remain largely unexamined. The War Diary of the New Zealand Division Assistant Director of Ordnance Services (ADOS) offers a rare window into that story. Through its entries, we gain a ground-level view of the ammunition deliveries, supply improvisations, and quiet acts of courage that kept New Zealand troops fighting — often under relentless German air attack and with systems that were never designed for the situation they faced.
However, the War Diary of the New Zealand Division Assistant Director of Ordnance Services (ADOS) is a valuable resource for this overlooked aspect of the battle. This diary provides a rare and insightful glimpse into the New Zealand Division’s logistic efforts, revealing logistics challenges, resourcefulness, and critical role in the battle. Through the entries in this war diary, we gain a deeper understanding of the behind-the-scenes efforts that supported the front-line troops, highlighting the unsung heroes who, as far as practicable, ensured that ammunition and other stores reached those in need, often under the most perilous conditions.
This article explores the lesser-known logistical efforts that played a crucial role in the conflict. By delving into the War Diary of the New Zealand Division ADOS, we aim to provide a different understanding of the battle, understanding the resilience and ingenuity of those who worked tirelessly behind the scenes to support the New Zealand defence.
Following the disastrous Greek campaign, General Freyberg assumed command of Crete Force (Creforce) for the defence of Crete on 1 May 1941, deploying approximately 28,600 British, Australian, Greek, and New Zealand troops across four sectors: Heraklion, Retimo, Suda Bay, and Maleme. Despite the seemingly adequate size of this force, several factors significantly reduced its combat effectiveness. The Germans held complete air superiority, with only the British 14th Brigade fully equipped. A severe shortage of small-arms ammunition and a lack of vehicles rendered mobile defence impossible. Each sector had to maintain a static defence within its locality, contributing to the island’s immobility and, ultimately, the failure to repel the enemy.
Initially, the Ordnance aspects of the operation were under the command of Creforce Assistant Director of Ordnance Services (ADOS) Lieutenant-Colonel J. Hitchcock of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC), who arrived on 24 April. However, by mid-May, he was recalled to Egypt, and the leadership was passed to Lieutenant-Colonel S. T. Rooke RAOC, who had also been evacuated from Greece.[1]
There was a small RAOC Base Ordnance Depot (BOD)depot in Canea, with a Base Ammunition Depot (BAD) established approximately two miles south at Katisfariana. Following the evacuation of forces from Greece and their immediate pivot to defend Crete, the immediate task was to supply clothing, essentials, blankets, and accommodation stores to thousands of troops who had landed from Greece. Three camps were set up:
Peribolia for 17,000 British troops
Kalibes for 12,000 men of the 6th Australian Division
Platanias for 14,000 New Zealanders
British, Australian and New Zealand troops disembark at Suda Bay, Crete, during World War II. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch. Ref: DA-01611-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23172196
This number was eleven times greater than originally planned for clothing and equipment supply. Transporting stores between ports was primarily conducted by caiques under cover of night. However, the supply of weapons and ammunition remained highly problematic. The general strategy involved holding ammunition primarily in fighting sectors, with only a fifth stored in the BAD. The LADs, having been forced to abandon their equipment in Greece, were severely constrained in their ability to perform first-line repairs.
The Australians benefited from the well-trained 3 Advanced Ordnance Depot (3AOD) supporting their division, whereas New Zealand’s ordnance support was more ad hoc.[2] It relied on New Zealand Ordnance Corps (NZOC) members from the NZ Divisional staff to establish makeshift Ordnance Dumps and a distribution system. Major Allan Huia Andrews, as the New Zealand Division Assistant Director of Ordnance Services (ADOS), and Captain John Owen Kelsey, serving as DADOS Engineering (DADOS(E)), commanded these efforts. However, both Divisions struggled because the proper supply and support systems that should have been in place for such a campaign were non-existent.
The NZ Division ADOS war diary opened on 25 May 1941 as the NZ Division ADOS evacuated from Greece and arrived in Crete
25 April
At sea
Convoy attacked but raiders driven off.
Arrived at Crete
26 April
At Crete
27 April
With ADOS to see ADOS of Creforce and W/Ksps.
Issued with 1 8-cwt truck for Div HQ.
28 April
Act as Div Transport officer with 6 trucks ex Welch Regt.
Move to Div HQ location
29 April
Normal routine
30 April
To 1Fd Wksp to take OC’s orderly room in the absence of ADOS. Case of Private Burnt who discharged a rifle and killed a local inhabitant. Summary of evidence and charges read to the accused who pleads “Not Guilty”. The case is remanded. Summary of evidence submitted to ADOS.
ADOS Leave Crete, and I am temporally appointed to act for him
1 May
After the departure of Major Andrews, Major Kelsey was temporarily appointed DADOS of the Maleme Sector of Crete Force.
Collected stores and ammunition from Ordnance Dump for Div. Reserves.
To Inspect NZ Ordnance Dump.
Reported on the position of re-equipment of NZ Units to AA and QMG
2 May
Completed report of DADOS(E) on the work of Fd. Workshops, LADs. and OFP. in Greece and submitted this to DDOS, HQ 2NZEF
3 May
Normal routine
4 May
Collected supplies from BOD. Normal routine
5 May
Collected supplies from BOD. Normal routine.
6 May
Distributed shorts, shirts, hose tops, 2” and 3” Mortars, Anti-Tank Rifles and ammunition to Units.
7 May
To Canea to interview ADOS and COO of Crete Force
Further distribution of clothing and camp equipment to 5 Inf Bde
8 May
Normal Routine
10 May
Normal routine
Further distribution of stores and ammunition to units
11 May
Normal routine
12 May
To see ADOS Creforce and work with him on plan for equipping NZ units on a pro-rata basis
13 May
Fierce Air Raid over Suda Bay.
Bdes issued with 5 Carriers Bren each.
All units were requested to render deficiencies in clothing and camp equipment.
Distributed 1400 coils of wire and pickets to 5 and 10 Bdes.
14 May 1941
Further distribution of ammunition, wire, and pickets to all units.
Issue of 12 M/Cycles to NZ units.
Move with Div. HQ. to a new location 1 1/2 miles from Canea.
Heavy Air Raid.
15 May
Move the NZ Ordnance Dump to the NZ Div HQ area as there was no protection where this dump was previously located.
Prepare issue orders for all Bde Groups.
Lieut Cooper (16 LAD) was instructed to report to Suda Bay to assemble 75mm French and Italian Guns
16 May
To Canea to investigate the position of Ordnance supplies
Heavy Air raid in Suda Bay
17 May
36 15cwt trucks and 7 M/Cycles issued to NZ units
18 May
Normal routine
19 May
Normal routine
20 May
The German invasion of Crete began, and the parachutists landed.
General strafing all-day
Delivered ammunition as follows:
97250rds SAA
20000rds Stripless LMG
500rds A/Tk
Cpl Solon was taken prisoner but later recaptured.
21 May
Repetition of the previous day.
Collect ammunition reserve at dawn
Issue and blankets to German wounded
Heavy naval action at sea
Ammunition issued as follows:
110000rds SAA
100 Grenades
1100rds 75mm French and Italian
22 May
Very fierce strafing during the afternoon.
Ammunition issued as follows
97000rds SAA
6000rds Stripless LMG
340 Grenades
23 May
Very fierce strafing and bombing
Ammunition and stores issued as follows:
27000rds SAA
200 A/Tk mine
148 Grenades
700 Shovels
190 Picks
70 Coils of wire
140 Pickets
100 Local Bombs
24 May
The worst staffing so far experienced
Canea was systematically bombed.
Propose to recommend WO1 Schou for decoration for his conspicuous gallantry in delivering ammunition to units.
I was promoted to the rank of temp major while performing the duties of DADOS (E ).
Ammunition and stores issued as follows
90000rds SAA
10000rds Stripless SAA
480rds 75mm
8000rds Thompson Sub-MG
72rds Mortar 3”
60 coils wire and pickets
250 Shovels
60 Picks
25 May
Div HQ bombed
Ammunition issued as follows:
55000rds SAA
6000rds Stripless
2000rds Thompson Sub-MG
500rds A/tk
Div HQ moved to new location by wireless station outside Canea.
BAD Canea objects to the issue of ammunition after midnight as “their books were closed”. However, ammunition was obtained.
26 May
Serious strafing.
Bdes retiring
Take back 3 Ammunition lorries fully loaded to the east of Suda Bay and join Div HQ there
27 May
Move again down Sparkis Road.
Deliver Ammunition to 4 and 5 Bdes as follows:
100000rds SAA
10000rds Stripless LMG
2000rds Thompson Sub-MG
Strafed ceaselessly all day.
Move only at night.
28 May
Ammunition lorries taken by Force HQ.
Move again with Div HQ
Learn of evacuation scheme
29 May
Food and water position acute
March 12 miles to Embarkation Point but remain there.
30 May
Moral of troops getting low on account of enemy air activity and lack of food and water.
Prepare to embark
31 May
Embark with Div HQ at 2 am on destroyer “Nizam” and cross to Alexandria.
Bombed by 12 Planes en route but with only one “near miss”.
Arrive in Alexandria at 1830hrs.
ADOS NZ Div DADOS(E) War Diary for April 1941
World War II paratroopers and aeroplanes in the sky above Crete. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch : Ref: DA-12638-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22913202
In conclusion, the Battle of Crete was pivotal in World War II, marked by heroic defiance and sobering logistical challenges. From May 20 to June 1, 1941, German forces conducted the first large-scale airborne invasion in history, targeting the strategically vital island defended by British, Australian, New Zealand, and Greek troops. Despite fierce resistance, the overwhelming German air superiority and logistical deficiencies amongst the Allies ultimately led to their defeat.
While the battle is often remembered for its strategic implications and high casualties, the logistical efforts behind supplying essential stores like ammunition remained largely unexamined. The NZ Division ADOS War Diary offers a glimpse into the critical logistics operations that sustained the New Zealand defence. It reveals the resourcefulness and dedication of personnel who, under extreme conditions, where practicable possible, ensured that vital supplies reached frontline troops.
The logistical challenges faced during the battle, such as ammunition shortages and makeshift supply systems, underscore the critical importance of logistics in military operations. Though overshadowed by the dramatic combat actions, these efforts were instrumental in supporting the frontline troops and mitigating the impact of German assaults.
In commemorating the Battle of Crete, it is essential to honour the valour of those who fought on the front lines and the unsung heroes who laboured tirelessly behind the scenes. Their contributions, as detailed in the War Diary and other historical records, provide a deeper understanding of the complexities and sacrifices of war. By remembering these logistical efforts, we gain a more comprehensive perspective on the battle, highlighting the resilience and ingenuity that defined the New Zealand defence on the island of Crete.
Thus, the Battle of Crete serves as a poignant reminder of the intertwined roles of combat and logistics in shaping war outcomes, leaving an enduring legacy in military history.
Notes
[1] Fernyhough, A. H. (1958). History of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps 1920-1945, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
[2] Tilbrook, J. D. (1989). To the warrior his arms: A History of the Ordnance Services in the Australian Army Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps Committee.
The history of field cooking in New Zealand’s military from the 19th to the early 20th centuries showcases a journey marked by resilience, ingenuity, and progress. Initially, the New Zealand military relied on the sometimes-questionable ability of regimental cooks, who managed to provide sustenance for the troops despite adverse conditions and makeshift equipment. However, the need for more efficient cooking solutions became apparent as the military evolved into a Territorial Force.
The introduction of mobile field kitchens, inspired by innovations such as Karl Rudolf Fissler’s “Goulash Cannon,” represented a significant advancement. Nonetheless, the ingenuity of a New Zealand Territorial Officer truly revolutionised New Zealand Military field cooking with the creation of the “Salamander” cooker. Renowned for its remarkable efficiency and versatility, this cooker enabled the preparation of large quantities of food with minimal fuel consumption.
Initially compared to other models from England, like the Lune Valley and Sykes cookers, the Salamander’s superior efficiency, fuel economy, and suitability for New Zealand’s unique conditions quickly set it apart. The New Zealand Defence Department’s subsequent procurement of additional units underscored the Salamander cooker’s pivotal role in New Zealand’s military catering capabilities.
Although the outbreak of World War I shifted priorities, the innovations and lessons from this period laid a crucial foundation for New Zealand’s future military logistics and catering practices. This commitment to enhancing soldiers’ conditions through improved field cooking solutions highlights New Zealand’s dedication to adaptability and innovation in military operations.
Volunteer to Territorial
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, participants in New Zealand’s volunteer encampments relied heavily on the unwavering dedication of regimental cooks for their sustenance. Undeterred by the elements, these cooks operated makeshift camp kitchens, often little more than shallow trenches dug into the ground over which they balanced pots and pans. Despite the challenges of these temporary structures, which required significant setup and operation time, the cooks persevered. Meals, though taking up to four hours to prepare, were a testament to their resourcefulness and commitment.
Efforts to create mobile, horse-drawn kitchens had been ongoing, with one of the earliest and most successful examples being designed in the late 1800s by a young German named Karl Rudolf Fissler. Fascinated by steam engines, Fissler developed the Feldkochherd or Feldküche by 1892, a mobile field kitchen with a unique boiler system. This innovation, quickly nicknamed the “Goulash Cannon” or ‘Gulaschkanone’ due to the furnace tube’s resemblance to a cannon barrel, allowed for the preparation of complete menus. Inspired by Fissler’s invention, France and England soon created their own versions of the Goulash Cannon.
As New Zealand’s military transitioned from a volunteer force to a Territorial Force, the lessons from the war in South Africa remained fresh. The importance of not only ammunition supply but also the supply of hot rations was crucial, as it could be the deciding factor in morale and battle effectiveness.[1] This ensured that the quest for more efficient methods of sustaining troops remained a priority. Initially looking to England for solutions, New Zealand ultimately developed a local alternative. This homegrown innovation propelled the nation to the forefront of field cooking technology, demonstrating its commitment to improving its military personnel’s conditions and its ability to adapt and innovate.
The early Territorial years
The Defence Act of 1909 disbanded the existing volunteer forces and established the Territorial Force, supported by conscription. A pivotal moment in this reform came with the appointment of Major General Alexander Godley as Commandant of the New Zealand Military Forces in December 1910. Under his leadership, the military’s organisational structure was revitalised, and key command and staff appointments were made. As the army reorganised, it became clear that a modern catering system was necessary to support the large numbers of men entering camps and training together. To manage the procurement and distribution of rations, the New Zealand Army Service Corps (NZASC) was officially designated as a unit of the Territorial Force on 12 May 1910. However, the responsibility for cooking rations remained with the regimental cooks.
Regimental cooks in the latter part of the 19th century and early 20th century were masters of improvised field cooking. They were skilled at building a remarkable range of makeshift field stoves and ovens, using wood, oil or coal for fuel. They prepared meals in Aldershot ovens and trenches, or makeshift walls constructed from bricks mortared with mud, using frying pans, 8 and 20-gallon boilers, and camp kettles. In October 1912, forty-seven candidates from the Territorial Army were selected for an intensive month-long training course at Trentham to improve the standard of cooking across the New Zealand Forces. This pioneering course covered kitchen work and cooking techniques suitable for field conditions, including practical exercises. Although these methods were effective, they were also time-consuming, required considerable effort from the cooks, and were static and unsuitable for an army on the march.
Single Filed Oven (Aldershot Oven) School of Cookery Camp, Trentham 1912. Joseph Zachariah, DONZ Collection
Long trenches with camp kettles and hot plate. School of Cookery Camp, Trentham 1912. Joseph Zachariah, DONZ Collection
In March 1911, a mobile cooking solution was proposed to New Zealand when Wellington engineering firm Richardson Blair and McCabe Limited, the sole New Zealand agents for the Lune Valley Engineering Company of Lancaster, England, sent a copy of the 1910 Lune Valley Portable Field Cooker catalogue to James O’Sullivan, the New Zealand Director of Military Stores. O’Sullivan then forwarded it to the Quartermaster General (QMG) for consideration. A year later, in March 1912, Richardson Blair and McCabe Limited followed up with the 1911 Lune Valley Engineering catalogue. The QMG acknowledged receipt on 12 March 1912, noting that the catalogue’s contents had been reviewed and would be considered should the Defence Department require any of the items listed.[2] Although the New Zealand military seemed uninterested in cooking technologies, officers posted to England noted the latest innovations, which they used to develop a broad user requirement for the New Zealand Military Forces.
While attending Staff College at Camberley in 1912, Major George Spafford Richardson of the New Zealand Staff Corps (NZSC) submitted a report regarding field cooking ovens to the New Zealand Government. Richardson noted the advanced cooking arrangements at various Territorial Camps, attributing the improvement mainly to the quality of ovens. One such oven, observed with the Berks Yeomanry, particularly caught his attention — the ‘Tortoise oven,’ capable of cooking for 600 men. Its lightweight and portability, even during marches, impressed Richardson, who advocated for similar ovens in New Zealand.
Tortoise Field Cooking Ovens for Camp purposes, No 3. Archives New Zealand R11096710 Cooking equipment – Cooking ovens as used by Imperial troops re – Obtaining for use in New Zealand
On 15 August 1912, Major Richardson’s report reached the New Zealand Defence Department, prompting Major General Godley to recommend to Cabinet the acquisition of 16 ‘Tortoise Ovens’ for the Territorial Force’s Annual Training Camps. This proposal was swiftly approved on 7 September 1912, with £480 allocated for the purchase.
To expedite the acquisition process, a cable instructing the procurement of the ovens was dispatched from the Prime Minister’s office to the High Commissioner in London on 9 September. Major Richardson was tasked with determining the specific requirements, reaching out to Major Lewis Rose of the Berkshire Yeomanry for details on the ovens mentioned in his report. By 14 October 1916, Major Rose confirmed his regiment’s use of Portway’s Portable ovens, No 3, and expressed satisfaction with their performance. He provided Richardson with the manufacturer’s contact information and a catalogue.
Informed by Major Rose’s feedback, Richardson told the High Commissioner that the ‘Tortoise Ovens’ were suitable for stationary camps and marches. He cautioned against considering a wheeled cooker currently undergoing British army trials, citing its limited utility and advising awaiting improvements. Subsequently, on 18 October, Tortoise Stove Works of Halstead Essex submitted a quotation for 16 Tortoise Field Cooking Ovens, No 3, with five shelves, at a total cost of £441.13.9. They offered to conduct final inspections within six weeks of acceptance, facilitating onward delivery to New Zealand.
Despite his preferences, Richardson conceded that he would like Colonel Alfred William Robin to inspect the ovens before making any purchase decision. Colonel Robin was New Zealand’s most experienced officer at the time. He had served as a volunteer since 1878, and in September 1899, he was commissioned into the New Zealand permanent forces. Notably, he commanded the first New Zealand contingent to South Africa. In December 1906, Robin was appointed to the newly established Council of Defence as Chief of the General Staff, becoming the first colonial to hold the country’s highest military position. Upon Godley’s appointment as the commandant of the New Zealand Forces, Robin assumed the role of adjutant and QMG.
In February 1912, Robin became the New Zealand representative on the Imperial General Staff at the War Office in London. During this time, he actively participated in discussions regarding training dominion forces. Additionally, he studied ordnance, administrative services, and the movement of troops by land and sea.[3] Moreover, Robin prepared a mobilisation scheme for dominion territorial forces as part of his duties. His extensive experience and expertise made him an asset in military matters, including evaluating equipment such as ovens.
Concurrent with Richardson’s reports, Robin thoroughly evaluated cookers and travelling kitchens and their suitability for use by the New Zealand Forces. In a report sent to Headquarters New Zealand Forces on 15 November 1912, Robin identified five classes of cookers and travelling kitchens for evaluation purposes during his investigation of field cookers.
Class 1 – Cookers or Kitchens carried on “General Service” or Forage wagon, cooking while on the march.
Class 2 – Cookers, Stove or ovens for cooking while in camp, but not adapted to cook on the march.
Class 3 – Travelling Kitchens on special vehicles, either limbered or on a single wagon, cooking while on the march.
Class 4 – Cookers or Kitchens above named using oil or paraffin as a fuel.
Class 5 – Cookers or Kitchens above named using wood, coal, coke or any consumable material as fuel.
Based on these classes, Robin summarised his report and his findings as follows.
If to burn Oil Fuel, should not be sent to New Zealand.
If not suitable for cooking on the march, but only for fixed camps. What space and weight are they for Transport purposes?
There are several reputable firms in New Zealand that make all classes of fixed stoves and ranges. These could be made in New Zealand, suitable to local conditions at less cost and saving freight from England.
Are cooking utensils included in the cost?
How many men will No 3, as per tender, cook for?
These stoves are excellent for Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers Mess at Yeomanry and Territorial Camps, where even the rank and file are catered for as if in a hotel. Here, for roast purposes, they may cook for 250, but in New Zealand, where men consume more than double the quantity of meat, their capacity would only be half at most of the above.
Such stoves or cookers are not a government issue. Regiments buy for themselves.
Robins’s main contention was that New Zealand could best produce cookers for fixed camps.
Robin recommended against the ‘Tortoise Ovens,’ stating that while they were suitable for specific cooking tasks, they fell short of meeting New Zealand’s requirements. Instead, he proposed considering either the War Office pattern Traveling kitchen, which was still under development, or a similar piece of equipment developed by Captain Arthur Sykes, Quartermaster of the Princess Victoria (Royal Irish Fusiliers). In Robin’s opinion, both options offered excellent features that better suited New Zealand’s needs.[4]
As Robin’s reports underwent analysis by the Defence Staff in Wellington, attention turned to the impending Brigade camps. A December 1912 inventory of camp equipment revealed a shortage of cooking implements across all districts. Consequently, the QMG instructed the Director of Equipment and Store to seek quotations for 43 Aldershot Cooking Ovens with dishes.[5] The distribution plan allocated 12 ovens to each of the Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago Districts, with seven designated for the Wellington district. One Aldershot oven (comprising two parts with two ends) and one baking dish were dispatched from Wellington to each district as samples to facilitate the process. Additionally, quotation forms were provided to enable each district to obtain quotations from local manufacturers. However, due to some local innovation initiated by Lieutenant James Ferdinand Groom Roberts, the Quartermaster of the 5th Wellington Regiment, the requirement and request for tenders were premature and were cancelled in February 1913.[6]
The Salamander Cooker
An engineer draftsman by trade, Roberts possessed extensive military experience, including eight years of service in the 2nd Royal Warwick Volunteer Regiment in the United Kingdom, followed by service in the 1st Battalion Wellington Rifles since 1909. In February 1912, he assumed the role of Quartermaster of the 5th Wellington Regiment. Amidst his varied responsibilities as Battalion Quartermaster and later as Brigade and Coast Defence Supply Officer, Roberts dedicated considerable thought to improving the regimental kitchen. His aim was to create a solution that could efficiently boil the billy while on the march, ensuring that meals could be promptly served when the regiment halted.
To meet these objectives, Roberts sought to develop a solution that was lightweight, sturdy, fuel-efficient, powerful in cooking capabilities, simple to construct, and, above all, mobile. After careful consideration and planning, and concurrent with Richardsons and Robins’s examination of field catering solutions in England, Roberts unveiled his prototype to the Defence Force on 8 November 1912.
With tables set with black-handled knives and forks, enamel plates and mugs, jars of jam, stacks of butter, and loaves of bread, the aroma emanating from Roberts’ Camp Stove tantalised the hungry men, heightening their anticipation for the forthcoming meal. Typically, a meal in a camp setting could take up to four hours to prepare, including the time needed to construct the oven. However, the self-contained cooker that Roberts demonstrated proved remarkably efficient. In just one and a half hours, it produced a meal for an audience of 300. This efficiency was further underscored by the stove’s ability to achieve such results using only one hundred-weight of coal (equivalent to 50kg) while still preparing an impressive array of food consisting of;
Three carcases of mutton
120lbs of fore-quarter beef (approximately 55kg)
45lb of silversides (about 20kg)
Potatoes
Onions
Additionally, it kept 75 gallons (approximately 340 litres) of water boiling. Remarkably, the stove still had the capacity to accommodate another carcase of mutton for roasting easily and steamed two more pots of vegetables.[7]
The demonstration at the Buckle Street Drill Hall was well received, prompting further testing of the cooker in its mobile configuration. This test took place from 29 November to 1 December 1912, during which H Company (Victoria College) of the 5th Regiment embarked on a three-day trek through the hills east of Wellington under field conditions. When the company reached South Makara, dinner consisted of a clear soup, roast beef and mutton, boiled vegetables, boiled plum duff, and jam roll. Other meals throughout the weekend were similarly elaborate and easily digestible, demonstrating the usefulness of Roberts’ cooker.[8]
Roberts 2a Oven (Travelling) for 250 Men. Archives New Zealand R22432833 Cookers – Field- Roberts travelling
Marketed as the “Salamander”, Robert’s cooker was a marvel of simplicity and efficiency, ingeniously utilising every inch of space. Half of each side was a water reservoir, each tank holding approximately 40 gallons (181 litres). These reservoirs provided boiling water for tea and helped retain the oven’s heat. The front halves house the ovens, while on top are the steamers, resembling kerosene tins placed lengthwise in wire baskets. Potatoes and vegetables are steamed with hot water poured in, generating steam for cooking.
The process of cooking a large meal with the cooker was fascinating to observe. After filling the water reservoirs and lighting the fire, the oven was brought to the required heat in about 20 minutes. Then, trays of meat were placed inside the ovens, and pans of peeled potatoes went into the steamers. The cook’s role then mainly involved stoking the fire and occasionally checking the meat until the meal was ready, ensuring everything was cooked simultaneously.
An advantage of the cooker is its ability to prepare everything simultaneously. Thanks to the heat generated by the boiling water in the tank, preparations can be made in the morning before moving off, and the meal can be cooked as the vehicle travels.
The cooker was designed to be versatile, allowing it to be operated in various setups. It could function either dismounted in a standing kitchen, mounted on a GS Trailer in its mobile configuration, or in its most common arrangement, akin to a field gun and limber. In this configuration, the cooker replaces the gun, while the limber portion houses large food storage compartments capable of carrying up to 250 pounds (113kgs) of meat, 150 gallons (680 Litres) of water, along with provisions such as potatoes, tea, coffee, and cocoa.
When unlimbering, the limber was detached from the cooker wagon with a king bolt and split pin. A strut was then extended from under the second carriage to keep it upright. The cooker stood with its funnel facing forward, protected by a screen against cold winds. Union bolts secured the cooker in position, and footboards allowed the cook to access and operate the oven doors easily.
Behind the cooker, ample floor space allows the chef to work comfortably. Fuel storage boxes were located underneath the rear of the carriage, accessible through floor lids. Every aspect of the cooker was designed to facilitate the cook’s tasks, with easy access to all parts, even while travelling. The detachability of the limber offers advantages such as adjusting to changing wind directions and easy mobility in search of provisions. Both carriages are mounted on sturdy springs for a smooth ride, and the cooker carriage is equipped with a ratchet brake for stability on slopes.[9]
Acknowledging the diverse needs of the military and the necessity to accommodate units of various sizes, the Salamander was available in the following sizes with all models, including transport cart, larder, tank and fuel bunker:[10]
No
To Cook for
Approx Weight
Notes
0
20
1 cwt (50kg)
Without boiler
0a
20
1 cwt (50kg)
With boiler
1a
40
2 cwt (101kg)
With boiler
1b
60
21/2 cwt (127kg)
With boiler
1c
100
3 cwt (152kg)
With boiler
1d
150
4 cwt (203kg)
With boiler
2
200
5 cwt (254kg)
With boiler
2a
250
51/2 cwt (279kg)
With boiler
3
300
6 cwt (304kg)
With boiler
3a
400
7 cwt (355kg)
With boiler
4
500
9 cwt (457kg)
With boiler
5
1000
13 cwt (660kg)
With boiler
Roberts No 4 (Stationary) for 250 Men. Archives New Zealand R22432833 Cookers – Field- Roberts travelling
Headquarters of New Zealand’s Military Forces were impressed with the Salamander cookers and supported by Richardsons and Robin’s reports on developments in the United Kingdom, where units could procure items like field cookers using Regimental funds, General Godley authorised New Zealand units to purchase Salamander cookers under the same arrangement, an option which the 10th Mounted Rifles Regiment took up and acquired their own Salamander cooker. To support the Brigade camps planned for the next Easter, the Defence Department purchased 24 No 4 (500man) Salamander cookers in early 1913.[11]
The initial purchase of 24 Salamander stoves were issued on the proportion of two per regiment in preparation for the Easter Brigade Camps at Cambridge, Oringi, Yaldhurst and Matarae. These proved to be a resounding success, enabling regimental cooking to be carried out in more favourable circumstances. An additional benefit was that the Salamander cookers provided savings in labour and fuel. The savings in fuel were substantial enough to pay for the initial purchase of the cookers, leading to the recommendation that additional cookers be purchased for subsequent camps.[12]
From May 1913, Roberts undertook a series of visits to Australia to demonstrate his ovens. He provided demonstrations to Australian Officers and Quartermasters, including Colonel Selheim QMG, Colonel Dangar, Chief of Ordnance, Captain Marsh, Director of Supplies and Transport, Major Forsyth, Director of Equipment, and Mr Pethebridge, Secretary for Defence, who all expressed their satisfaction at the completeness and success of the “kitchen.”[13]
Roberts Cooker Mounted on GS Wagon for Australian Trials
With interest in the Salamander oven growing, Roberts registered the Salamander Filed Cooker Company (Australasia) in March 1913 with a capital of £3600 in £1 shares and began marketing his range of cookers not only to the New Zealand and Australian Militaries but also as a solution for railway work, contractors, shearers and flax millers’ camps, and even race meetings.[14]
As Roberts developed the Salamander cooker, this was parallel to work undertaken in Australia by Boer War veteran James F. Wiles of Ballarat. Wiles had joined the 7th Australian Infantry Regiment in 1903 and, during his time with this regiment, determined that the cooking system in the field needed improvement. This led him to invent and patent the Wiles Travelling Kitchen and enter competition with Roberts in the Australian market.
Following the success of the Salamander cookers during the 1913 Camps, an additional 11 No 4 (500 Man) and 16 2a (250 man) Salamander cookers were obtained and distributed to all the military districts with the distribution in May 1914 been;
A course of instruction conducted in October 1913, attended by sixty-two territorial soldiers, included training on the Salamander Cooker along with traditional methods.
During the 1914 camps, the Salamander cookers enabled regimental cooking to be carried out under more favourable conditions and again ensured considerable labour and fuel savings. The Salamanders also eliminated the need to provision for large numbers of camp ovens, frying pans, and boilers, the stock of which would have required considerable augmentation due to much of the pre-1914 stock having become unserviceable from past usage.
Providing an additional capability to the Salamanders were two Lune Valley travelling cookers that had been imported using Regimental funds by the 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles. A Sykes travelling cooker from England had also been received from England and allotted to the mounted brigade for the 1914 Takapau camp. [16]
Lune Valley Field Cooker for 500 Men. Archives New Zealand R24764956 Lune Valley Engineering Company, Lancaster – Portable field cooker
Resuming his appointment as QMG on his return from England, Robin requested that the three types of cookers (Roberts, Lune Valley and Sykes) be placed in competition during the Takapau Camp and reported on by a Board of Officers from the Army Service, Medical and Veterinary Corps. For the report, Robins’s terms of reference that the board of offices was to report on were;
Haulage and state of horses etc.
Consumption of fuel per day or meal.
Nature of meals cooked, viz stews, Boils, Roast, Vegetables etc. and state when cooked.
Time of cooking, and if meals are ready at times ordered.
General suitability of the vehicle for NZ Conditions, weight per horse, the width of the track, if suited to road track, if considered strong enough for continued work, or vehicle could be lightened.
Comparison as to ease, or otherwise, of issue of cooked meals, from the cooker to the Unit.
Facilities for carrying any cooked rations and groceries, supply of hot water. Is the stated capacity of each Cooker possible, ie, does a 250-man Cooker etc, actually cook that amount on a colonial ration?
Any other points notices.
On 9 May 1914, the board of officers assembled at Takapau Camp. The board consisted of:
President: Lt Col J Sandtmann, 9th (Wellington East Coast) Mounted Rifles
Members:
Captain N.C Hamilton, ASC
Major A.R Young, NZVC
Major P.R Cook, NZMC
The board inspected and evaluated the three types of cookers, weighing each type’s advantages and disadvantages. However, a full evaluation was not possible due to a shortage of cookers, which necessitated the reallocation of the trial Salamander cooker from the Mounted Brigade to the kitchen of the 7th (Wellington West Coast) Regiment; additionally, severe weather conditions prevented the conduct of the planned travelling trial. Regardless of this, the board’s report was nonetheless submitted to Colonel Chaytor, the Commander of the Wellington Military District. It was incomplete but based on their best observations.
Of the three cookers evaluated, the board concluded that the Lune Valley oil-fed cooker best met New Zealand’s requirements for the following reasons:
Economy of fuel and labour.
Ease of carrying 48 hours supply of fuel on the vehicle itself.
Compactness.
Freedom from risk of spilling.
Routine absence of smoke.
Facilities for adjusting the degree of heat.
Repeated reliability of cooking.
Ease of cleaning.
Despite positive feedback on the Salamander cookers since their introduction in 1913, the board concluded that the Salamander travelling cooker was unsuitable due to its weight and the lack of a mechanism to prevent food from overcooking if troops were late for set mealtimes.
Although the Salamander cooker was not trialled at Takapau Camp in its travelling configuration, D (Mountain) Battery of the Field Artillery had used one during their April camp, which included a trek from Palmerston North to Wellington. They were satisfied with its performance, preparing meals of stews and roasts that were generally ready within one and a half hours of reaching camp. The battery used a mixture of coal and wood for fuel, finding wood more satisfactory than coal for heating.[17]
The test of War
Soldier using a field oven, Egypt. Ref: DA-00639 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23078026
The declaration of war on 4 August 1914 and subsequent mobilisation shifted all efforts towards providing trained personnel for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF). The NZASC expanded its role at home and as part of the NZEF, taking on responsibility for bakeries and butcheries. However, despite ensuring the provision of necessary food items to units, cooking remained the responsibility of each unit. Further, Salamander cookers were purchased for the main mobilisation camp soon established at Trentham; however, it is less certain if units of the NZEF departing for overseas service deployed with Salamander cookers. General Order 312, which detailed the composition and strength of the NZEF, only provided an allocation of General Service (GS) horse-drawn wagons for the use of regimental cooks.[18] By January 1915, it became clear that the New Zealand units encamped in Egypt required field cookers. The NZEF Headquarters in Egypt placed orders through the High Commissioner in London for eight Imperial Pattern cookers. These cookers, supplied by the Lune Engineering Company, were delivered directly to the NZEF in Egypt.
Roberts’ efforts to break into the Australian market in May 1913 proved somewhat successful. The Australian military, benevolent organisations (which then gifted the cookers to individual units), and commercial organisations such as railways, all purchased Salamander Cookers. However, Roberts’ biggest success came after several trials comparing the Salamander Cooker against the Sykes Travelling Kitchen and the Australian Wiles Travelling Kitchen. Roberts won a contract to supply 40 Salamander Cookers to the Australian military.
1st order of 40 Roberts Travelling Cookers for Australia. Archives New Zealand R22432833 Cookers – Field- Roberts travelling
In the spirit of Australian sportsmanship, James Wiles was not pleased with the initial trial results. He convinced the Australian authorities to conduct a second round of trials, which eventfully led to Wiles supplying over 300 of his travelling kitchens to the Australian military during the war.[19]
By May 1915, as new battalions were formed at Trentham, there was a strong desire to equip them as thoroughly as possible, including with travelling cookers. Feedback from the Australians on their Salamander cookers was positive, noting they were satisfactory for infantry use but had limited utility for mounted units.
Robin, now commanding New Zealand forces, strongly advocated for purchasing New Zealand-made equipment, believing it would benefit the units by allowing them to become accustomed to the cookers before deployment. However, the Takapau report still influenced the decision to recommend the Lune Valley Engineeringproduct over the Salamander cooker. Additionally, eight Imperial Pattern cookers from Lune Valley Engineering were already in service with the NZEF in Egypt.
Given these factors, purchasing eight more Imperial Pattern Cookers from Lune Valley Engineering in England was approved. It must be noted that the Lune Valley Engineering Travelling cookers purchased from England in 1915 were manufactured to the Imperil Pattern standard. Not the same pattern as the Lune Valley Engineering cookers trailed in 1914. The main difference was that the cookers trailed in 1914 were oil-fired. In contrast, the Imperial Pattern cooers were multi-fuel and could be fired by wool, coal, or oil.
The Imperial Pattern Travelling Filed kitchen body consists of a rectangular-shaped steel frame covered with steel sheets. The kitchen included two 75-lb capacity Steel pots fitted with trunnion plates and pins that prevented spillage when travelling over rough ground. One steel frying pan fitted with handles was also provided for use when one of the pots was removed. The body was also fitted with two roasting or baking ovens fitted with baking tins; under each oven was a receptacle for drying green wood. It fitted with a central fire grate with two funnels that could be folded down for travelling. A shovel, rake, poker, lifting bar and stirring rake carried on buckets attached to each side of the body were also provided. A limber was also provided with an additional two stew pots and storage space for rations and condiments and could be used as a serving area.
Soldiers preparing food, 1000 yards of the front line, Colincamps, France. Ref: 1/2-013114-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23131784
The failure to support the New Zealand industry by adopting the Imperial Pattern Cooker was a wise decision for New Zealand regarding training and logistics. The NZEF’s main contributions to the war effort were an Infantry Division and a Mounted Brigade. Although these formations were small and primarily equipped similarly to their British and Imperial counterparts, their contribution and quality far exceeded their size. Unlike Australia and Canada, which had the mass and industrial capacity to field national-specific equipment, New Zealand did not have this luxury.
A Wellington Regiment’s field kitchen near the front line, World War I. Ref: 1/2-013518-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22696605
Roberts continued to supply cookers to the New Zealand Military throughout the war, equipping the numerous training camps, hospitals, and rehabilitation facilities necessary to support the war effort at home. However, his focus shifted from mobile kitchens to static ones. Following the war’s end in 1918 and the rapid demobilisation and reduction of forces in the interwar period, there was little need for new equipment until existing stockpiles were depleted. It is possible that some Roberts Salamander travelling cookers remained in use with New Zealand’s Territorial Regiments post-1919, but no evidence has been found to support this.
While Roberts’ Salamander Kitchen was an excellent product, it would have been logistically challenging to support it on the other side of the world during wartime. Suppose Roberts had had a few more years to market and improve his product, increase production output, or issue licences to overseas manufacturers. In that case, he might have achieved the same success as Wiles did in the 1940s with the Wiles Junior Field Kitchen, which was adopted by New Zealand in 1952 and remained in service until the 1980s.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the evolution of field cooking in New Zealand’s military from the 19th to the early 20th centuries reflects a remarkable journey of innovation, adaptation, and perseverance. Initially relying on the resourcefulness and commitment of regimental cooks, who worked under challenging conditions with makeshift equipment, the New Zealand military recognised the need for more efficient and practical solutions as they transitioned to a Territorial Force.
The introduction of mobile field kitchens, particularly inspired by Karl Rudolf Fissler’s “Goulash Cannon,” marked a significant advancement. However, New Zealand ultimately developed its own innovative solution with the “Salamander” cooker, designed by Lieutenant James Ferdinand Groom Roberts. This cooker showcased remarkable efficiency, versatility, and practicality, capable of quickly preparing large quantities of food with minimal fuel. Its success in various camps and demonstrations underscored its value and led to widespread adoption within the military.
Despite initial competition and comparisons with other cookers, such as the Lune Valley and Sykes models, the Salamander’s advantages in efficiency, fuel economy, and suitability for New Zealand’s conditions were evident. The Defence Department’s support and procurement of additional units further cemented its role in enhancing military catering capabilities.
The onset of World War I shifted priorities, yet the lessons learned and innovations developed during this period laid a foundation for future military logistics and catering practices. The dedication to improving soldiers’ conditions through better field cooking solutions exemplifies New Zealand’s commitment to adaptability and innovation in military operations.
Notes
[1] Clayton, A. (2013). Battlefield Rations: The Food Given to the British Soldier For Marching and Fighting 1900-2011, Helion.
[2] (1911). “Lune Valley Engineering Company, Lancaster – Portable field cooker.” Archives New Zealand Item No R24764956.
[4] (1912). “Cooking equipment – Cooking ovens as used by Imperial troops re – Obtaining for use in New Zealand.” Archives New Zealand Item No R11096710.
[5] The Aldershot Oven comprised two sheets of iron, approximately 1500mm long, rolled into a semi-circular shape. Each sheet is reinforced on each end and in the middle with an iron bar riveted to it. One sheet is slightly larger than the other, with a lip that slips under the rim of the other sheet. The oven includes two semi-circular ends. The Aldershot oven was a ‘ground oven’, in which the fire burns in the oven and must be raked out before the bread is put in. The bread is baked by the heat retained in the oven’s walls. (1910). Manual of military cooking, Prepared at the Army School of Cookery. London Printed under the authority of His Majesty’s Stationery Office by Harrison and sons.
[6] (1912). “Cooking equipment – Cooking ovens supply to be obtained locally.” Archives New Zealand Item No R11096711.
[8] (1912). Territorials. Evening Post, Volume LXXXIV, Issue 133. Wellington.
[9] (1915). Travelling Cooker Operated in Camp. Herald No 12149(Melbourne, Vic). Melbourne, Vic.: 1.
[10] (1915). “Cookers – Field- Roberts travelling.” Archives New Zealand Item No R22432833.
[11] (1912). “Cooking equipment – Field cooking ovens – For use of units in camp or at manoeuvres.” Archives New Zealand Item No R11096715.
[12] (1913). “H-19 Report on the Defence Forces of New Zealand for the period 28 June 1912 to 20 June 1913.” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives.
[13] (1913). FEEDING AN ARMY. Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954). Melbourne, Vic.: 10.
[15] O’Sullivan, J. (1914). “Report of the Director of Equipment & Stores for the year ending 31 March 1914.” Archives New Zealand Item No R22432126.
[16] (1914). “H-19 Report on the Defence Forces of New Zealand for the period 20 June 1913 to 25 June 1914.” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives.
[17] (1915). “Cookers – Field- Roberts travelling.” Archives New Zealand Item No R22432833.
[18] (1914). Troopships; Embarkation Orders; Daily Field States; and a large chart of ‘New Zealand Expeditionary Forces – Personnel’ as at 1 June 1915). Archives New Zealand Item ID R23486740. Wellington.
[19] (1915). THE CAMP COOKER QUESTION. Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954). Melbourne, Vic.: 6.
In 1955, the New Zealand Army found itself poised for significant transformation. The eruption of the Korean War and the escalating conflict in Malaysia compelled New Zealand to reassess its military strategy. Structured and equipped to provide an Expeditionary Force centred around a division supporting British forces in the Middle East, the evolving political situation in Asia placed the army on the cusp of a paradigm shift. This strategic shift redirected the focus of deployment from the Middle East to Southeast Asia, marking a crucial juncture in the army’s trajectory. [1] This article provides insights into the organisational and equipment state of the New Zealand Army of 1956 as it pivoted towards service in Asia.
Command and Control
Chief of the General Staff – Major-General C. E. Weir, CE., CBE., DSO.
Vice-Chief of the General Staff – Brigadier R. C. Queree, CBE., DS0.
Adjutant-General – Brigadier L. W. Thornton, OBE.
Quartermaster-General – Brigadier J. R. Page, CBE., DSO.
Strength
Regular Force
Authorised Strength – 4200
Actual Strength
Officers: 552
Other Ranks: 3276
Total: 3828
Territorial Force
NZ Army 3 Pl HB Regiment, 19th intake, Linton Military Camp, February 1956. Crown Studios Ltd :Negatives and prints. Ref: 1/1-033934-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22364964
Under the Compulsory Military Training Act of 1949, all males, whether European or Māori, became liable for military service upon reaching 18 years of age. Trainees had to undergo 14 weeks of intensive, full-time training, three years of part-time service, and six years in the Army Reserve. By 31 March 1956, 50,846 men had been trained under this scheme. The strength of the Territorial Force in 1956 was:
Officers:
1440
Other Ranks:
25846 – Effective Strength
10065 – Completed whole-time training available for part-time training from 1 April 1956
1760 – Held on strength but not available for training
Total 37671
School Cadet Corps
School Cadet Units were maintained at schools and were voluntarily for male students aged 14 to 18. In 1956, 807 officers and 38,032 cadets served in 140 secondary school cadet units.[2]
Organisation
Except for units of the NZ Cadet Corps, the following units comprised the New Zealand Army, which was organised into Army Troops, District Troops and the New Zealand Division:[3]
Army Troops
Army Headquarters
The Army Schools
Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps Depot RNZAC.
Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals Depot.
School of Military Engineering, RNZE
Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps Depot.
Army Headquarters, Wireless Training Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Main Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC
Small Arms Ammunition Production Proof Office, RNZAOC
Inspecting Ordnance Officer Group, RNZAOC
Trentham Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
Papakura Camp Hospital, RNZAMC
Waiouru Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
Linton Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
Burnham Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
Army Headquarters, Dental Section, RNZDC
Whenuapai Dental Section, RNZDC.
Hobsonville Dental Section, RNZDC.
Ohakea Dental Section, RNZDC.
Woodbourne Dental Section, RNZDC.
Wigram Dental Section, RNZDC
Services Corrective Establishment.
District Troops
Headquarters, Northern Military District.
Headquarters, Area 1, Auckland
Headquarters, Area 2, Tauranga.
Headquarters, Area 3, Whangarei.
Headquarters, Area 4, Hamilton.
Narrow Neck Camp (.(Incl Fort Cautley).
9th Coast Regiment, RNZA
9th Coast Regiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Papakura Camp.
Northern District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
Papakura Dental Section, RNZDC
Northern District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC.
Waikato Camp.
Northern District Company, RNZASC.
Northern District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Northern District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
Northern District Ammunition Depot, RNZAOC
Northern District Ammunition Repair Depot, RNZAOC
Northern District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC
Northern District Workshop, RNZEME.
Headquarters, Central Military District.
Headquarters, Area 5, Wellington.
Headquarters, Area 6, Wanganui.
Headquarters, Area 7, Napier.
Headquarters, Area 8, New Plymouth.
Waiouru Camp.
Central District Workshop (Waiouru), RNZEME.
Waiouru Dental Section, RNZDC.
Linton Camp.
Central District Training Depot.
Central District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
Central District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Central District Company, RNZASC.
Central District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
Central District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC.
Central District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC.
Central District Mechanical Transport Workshop (Trentham) RNZEME.
Central District Armament and General Workshop (Trentham), RNZEME.
2nd General Hospital, RNZAMC
Trentham Dental Section, RNZDC.
Fort Dorset Base Camp
10th Coast Regiment, RNZA.
10th CoastRegiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Headquarters, Southern Military District,
Headquarters, Area 9, Nelson.
Headquarters, Area 10, Christchurch.
Headquarters, Area 11, Dunedin.
Headquarters, Area 12, Invercargill.
Burnham Camp
11th Coast Regiment, RNZA.
11th Coast Regiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs
Southern District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
Southern District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
Southern District Company, RNZASC.
Otago University Medical Company, RNZAMC.(Dunedin)
Southern District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
Southern District Ammunition Depot, RNZAOC.
Southern District Ammunition Repair Depot, RNZAOC.
Southern District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC.
Southern District Mechanical Transport Workshop (Burnham), RNZEME.
Southern District Armament and General Workshop (Burnham), RNZEME.
Burnham Dental Section, RNZDC.
Southern District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC
New Zealand Division
Headquarters, New Zealand Division.
Headquarters, New Zealand Division Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
Headquarters, RNZA, New Zealand Division.
1st Field Regiment, RNZA.
1st Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
2nd Field Regiment, RNZA.
2nd Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
3rd Field Regiment, RNZA.
3rd Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
4th Medium Regiment, RNZA.
4th Medium Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
5th Light Regiment, RNZA.
5th Light Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
6th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RNZA.
6th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
12th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RNZA.
12th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment Workshop, RNZEME.
1st Locating Battery, RNZA.
Headquarters, 1st Infantry Brigade.
1st Battalion, The Northland Regiment, RNZ Inf.
1st Battalion, The Auckland Regiment (Countess of Ranfurly’s Own) RNZ Inf.
1st Battalion, The Hauraki Regiment, RNZ Inf.
Headquarters, 1st Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
Headquarters, 2nd Infantry Brigade.
1st Battalion, The Wellington Regiment (City of Wellington’s Own)RNZ Inf.
1st Battalion, The Wellington West Coast and Taranaki Regiment. RNZ Inf.
1st Battalion, The Hawkes Bay Regiment. RNZ Inf.
Headquarters, 2nd Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
Headquarters, 3rd Infantry Brigade.
1st Battalion, The Nelson, Marlborough, and West Coast Regiment, RNZ Inf.1st Battalion, The Canterbury Regiment RNZ Inf.1st Battalion, The Otago and Southland Regiment, RNZ Inf.
Headquarters, 3rd Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME
Headquarters, 4th Armoured Brigade.
1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato), RNZAC.
1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato} Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
4th Armoured Regiment (Wellington and East Coast), RNZAC.
4th Armoured Regiment (Wellington and East Coast) Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
1st Armoured Car Regiment (New Zealand Scottish), RNZAC.
1st Armoured Car Regiment ,(New Zealand Scottish) Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
Headquarters, RNZE, New Zealand Division
1st Field Engineer Regiment, RNZE.
1st Field Engineer Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
4th Field Park Squadron, RNZE.
5th Independent Field Squadron, RNZE
1st Divisional Signal Regiment, RNZ Sigs.
1st Divisional Signal Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
Headquarters, Commander RNZASC, New Zealand Division.
1st Transport Company, RNZASC.
1st Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
4th Transport Company, RNZASC.
4th Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
6th Transport Company, RNZASC.
6th Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME
Headquarters, 21st Supply Company, RNZASC.
1st Supply Platoon, RNZASC.
Headquarters, RNZAMC, New Zealand Division.
1st Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
2nd Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
3rd Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
1st Field Dressing Station, RNZAMC.
1st Casualty Clearing Station, RNZAMC.
1st Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
2nd Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
3rd Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
Headquarters, Commander RNZAOCs, New Zealand Division.
Headquarters, Commander RNZEME, New Zealand Division.
1st Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
2nd Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
3rd Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
1st Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
2nd Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
3rd Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
1st Divisional Provost Company, RNZ Pro.
Overseas Units
New Zealand Army Liaison Staff London
New Zealand Army Liaison Staff Melbourne
New Zealand Fiji Cadre.
Headquarters, New Zealand Kayforce.
A Transport Platoon (Korea), RNZASC.
The New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron. (Malaya)
Note: Apart from the New Zealand Women’s Army Corps (NZWRAC) depot, there were no standalone NZWRAC units, with all members distributed across units of the NZ Army
Equipment
After the First World War, the New Zealand Army underwent re-equipment, acquiring enough equipment to outfit an Infantry division, Artillery Brigade, and Mounted Rifle Brigade.[4] However, by 1934, much of this equipment had reached the end of its operational life. In line with mechanisation experiments, the first wave of modern uniforms and equipment began to be introduced into New Zealand’s service, including Anti-Aircraft Artillery, Bren Guns, and Universal Carriers from 1938.[5]
The advent of the Second World War saw the comprehensive re-equipment of the New Zealand army. By 1946, it was equipped on par with its peers in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, with the available equipment viewed as sufficient for the immediate post war training purposes.[6]
Between 1946 and 1950, the demand for new or additional equipment was minimal. However, during this time, all remaining pre-war field artillery was replaced with more modern systems developed during the war. Substantial advancements occurred from 1950 onward, including the introduction of new Land Rover 4-wheel-drive vehicles, Centurion tanks, Armoured Cars, and anti-armour weapons, as well as the initial deployment of the Larkspur radio system. However, despite this purchase of a token amount of equipment, much of the army’s World War Two equipment although in service for less than twenty years was facing bulk obsolescence and included the following equipment.
In 1939, the New Zealand Army inventory of vehicles consisted of.
6 Motorcycles
2 Cars
54 Tracks and tractors
By 1944, this fleet had expanded to 20311 vehicles of all types from the United States, Canada and Great Britain.[7] Reductions of surplus vehicles due to the war’s end had reduced this holding to 10931 vehicles in 1945. Operational wear and tear and a shortfall in unit maintenance capability further reduced the fleet, necessitating placing most vehicles into regional Vehicle Depots managed by the RNZOAC. Under this system, units maintained a minimum of vehicles for routine activities; however, before an exercise, the unit’s additional vehicle requirement was drawn from the supporting Vehicle Depot.
In the interest of smart turnout, weather protection and economy, all mobile artillery equipment and trailers and all “B” and “C” vehicles were in peacetime painted to a glossy finish using Paint, PFU, Deep Bronze Green, High Gloss.
All “A” Vehicles and non-mobile artillery equipment, searchlights, etc, were painted to a matt finish using Paint, PFU, Deep Bronze Green, Matt Finish.[8]
Rationing
The RNZASC was responsible for overseeing all catering operations within the army. This included managing ration scales and supply organisation, including ration stores, cold stores, and butcher shops. Additionally, the RNZASC coordinated the activities of cooks and stewards stationed in camp and field kitchens. Bulk stocks of rations received from civilian suppliers were held in Supply Platoons and divided into ration breaks tailored to the needs of individual kitchens, depending on the strength of dependent units. Bulk field feeding was facilitated by RNZASC field kitchens, which provided essential sustenance in various operational settings. Unlike other contemporary military forces, the New Zealand Army did not utilise ration packs. Instead, units were supplied with canned or fresh food from the existing ration scale, allowing units to prepare meals while in the Field for shorter periods, ensuring flexibility and adaptability to different operational demands.
Specialised RNZASC Field Catering equipment included.
Following World War Two, with Ordnance Stores well stocked and NZ industry well positioned to support any surge in demand, the NZ army retained the familiar combination of woollen serge Battle Dress (BD) and Khaki Drill (KD) and Demin range of uniforms that had served it well during the war years. However, by 1955, the high tempo of training required to maintain a division supported by CMT, operations in Korea, and a likely commitment to ongoing operations in Southeast Asia highlighted deficiencies of the current ranger of uniforms. While the BD uniforms remained suitable for use in temperate and colder climates, the Army Clothing Committee identified a requirement to develop a summer training dress for use in NZ that would also be satisfactory for jungle operations, in response to the Army Dress Committee, Captain J.A Dixie of the Defence Scientific Corps of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) provided a comprehensive report on Tropical Clothing. Reviewing World War Two and post-war scientific research on the problem of tropical clothing by the United States and Commonwealth, Dixie’s report provided the principles that guided the selection of a suitable NZ Army range of tropical uniforms and equipment.[9]
In December 1955, the Army Board approved the transition of uniforms with BDs retained as winter dress in NZ and KDs to be phased out in favour of uniforms manufactured in Drill Green (DG) for summer and working dress.
Detailed below are the uniform scales of issues that were to be affected by the most significant uniform transition since 1940.
1955 Scales of Uniform issue.
Scale 1
Regular Soldiers, including Regular Force Cadets.
Scale 2
Regular Physical Training Instructors.
Scale 3
Regular Officers.
Scale 4
Regular Officers and Soldiers of the NZWRAC.
Scale 5
Regular soldiers of the NZANS.
Scale 6
Territorial Recruits.
Scale 7
Territorial soldiers.
Scale 8
Territorial Officers.
Scale 9
Territorial Officers and Soldiers of the NZWRAC.
Scale 10
Territorial Soldiers of the NZANS.
Scale 11
Territorial Officers of the NZANS.
Scale 12
Cadets of the Cadet Corps.
Scale 13
Cadet Corps Officers.
Scale 14
Special Clothing.
Scale 15
Camp Necessities: Supplementary scales.
Scale 16
Welfare Workers in Army Camps.
Scale 17
Canteen Council Employees.
Scale 18
Individual Provision: Women’s Services.
Scale 19
Clothing and Necessaries to be in Possession of Soldiers Committed to Detention Barracks.
Scale 20
Hospital Patients.
Headdress
Blue berets were designated for Physical Training Instructors. Additionally, officers (excluding RNZAC) were issued blue berets to be worn with Uniform Blue No 1.
The introduction of the Cap Battledress (Cap BD), commonly known as the Ski Cap, commenced in 1954 as a replacement for the Cap GS (Lemon squeezer). Members of the RNZAC were not required to wear the Cap BD, as they retained the Black Beret adopted in 1942 as their headdress.
The standard combat helmet was the Helmet, Steel, Mark II (Brodie), with special helmets for motorcycle riders and armoured crew members.
The 37 Pattern Battle Dress (BD) served as New Zealand soldiers’ standard winter uniform and walking-out attire during World War II and subsequent years. This uniform, featured the following key components:
Blouse: Fashioned from durable wool serge fabric, the blouse featured a buttoned front with concealed buttons. It boasted two breast pockets and two internal pockets, while the straight sleeves typically came with adjustable cuffs for added comfort and versatility.
Trousers: Crafted from the same resilient wool serge material as the blouse, the trousers boasted a practical button-fly design. They were equipped with two internal pockets, one rear pocket and a map pocket on the left leg. Adjustable side tabs on the waistband ensured a personalised fit for each wearer.
Web Anklets: Designed to keep the trouser bottoms securely in place, the web anklets prevented them from riding up or becoming loose during movement. This maintained a tidy and uniform appearance and offered protection against debris and insects entering the footwear.
BD Skirts were provided for female soldiers of the NZWRAC and NZANS
An upgraded pattern of Battle Dress was introduced in New Zealand known as the Pattern 52 BD, however from 1956, due to the considerable number of older patterns in circulation, the issue of the 52-Patt BDs was limited to regular soldiers and officers until stocks of the older pattern were wasted out.
Khaki Drill
During summer months, the woollen BD uniform proved impractical, leading to the issuance of Khaki drill attire. This summer uniform comprised:
Shirt, drill, Khaki
Shirt, Bush, OR, No 1 or No 2
Shirt, Officers, Khaki
Shorts, drill, Khaki
Trouser, drill, Khaki
Hosetops, Khaki, and Puttees, Short
Skirts, Khaki (NZWRAC and NZANS)
Working Dress
Recognising the unsuitability of both the BD and Khaki Drill uniforms for rigorous activities, a Denim working dress was provided. This ensemble included:
Jacket, Denim
Trousers, Denim
These garments were intended to withstand the demands of heavy-duty work while maintaining functionality and durability for soldiers in various tasks and environments, with overalls issued in addition to denims for tradesmen.
Camouflage
In 1952, 1500 sets of Khaki Drill Jackets and Trousers were dyed green and issued to the three military districts (250 sets per district) and NZ Division (750 sets) as camouflage clothing for training. The status of these by 1956 is unknown.
Footwear
Boots
Boots were ankle-high, lace-up ammo boots consisting of
Boots, ankle, Rank and File R&F, IP (or NZ). These boots had pebble-grained leather uppers with leather soles fitted with heel plates, toe plates and sole studs (hobnails).
Boots, ankle, officers, black. Officers’ boots had heel plates, but lacked the sole studs and toe plates because they could afford to replace the soles.
Other footwear
Shoes, canvas, rubber sole.
Shoes, officers, black, heavy.
Shoes, officers, black, light.
Shoes, NZWRAC, tan
Boots, Motorcyclists
Sandals, leather
Overshoes – issued to personnel employed in Magazines, Cookhouses at Ordnance Stores with concrete floors.
While New Zealand received substantial information regarding research and development efforts by the British Army aimed at enhancing web equipment, many of the new British designs were still in the development phase and not yet ready for deployment. [10] However, with over 60,000 sets of the 37-Pattern equipment in circulation in New Zealand, supplemented by older items like the 08 Pattern pack, it was ensured that this equipment would remain in service for the foreseeable future.
Conclusion
In conclusion 1956 marked a crucial juncture for the New Zealand Army, necessitating strategic adaptations in response to evolving global conflicts. The army transitioned from its traditional role supporting British forces in the Middle East to engaging in operations in Southeast Asia. This shift prompted organisational restructuring, equipment modernisation, and adjustments to clothing and logistical operations. By aligning itself with the United Kingdom and Australia, the New Zealand Army was positioned to meet the challenges of the battlefields of the 1960s.
Notes
[1] Damien Fenton, A False Sense of Security: The Force Structure of the New Zealand Army 1946-1978, Occasional Paper / Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand: No. 1 (Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, 1998), 49.
[2] “Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1955 to 31 March 1956,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1956 Session I, H-19 (1956).
[3] “Composition of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Army Order 26-27/56, 9 May 1956.
[4] “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1920): 11.
[5] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the Chief of the General Staff,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, (1939).
[6] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 June 1950 to 31 March 1951,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1951).
[7] “Appendices to Report on Qmg (Quartermaster-General’s) Branch,” Archives New Zealand Item No R25541151 (1944).
[8] “Vehicles and Artillery Equipments, Painiting Of,” New Zealand Army Order 75/50, 9 May 1950.
[9] Army 213/1/92 DSIR Tropical Clothing Dated 3 October 1955. “Clothing – Tropical Clothing and Personal Equipment, ”Clothing.
[10] 86/Dev/54 (SWV1) Instructions for Troop trials of Z2 Experimental Load Carrying Equipment, 1954;”Cookers – Web Equipment: New Pattern,” Archives New Zealand No R17189098 (1944 -1966).
“If you were an army cook on leave and met some of the troops accompanied by their girlfriends, wives or mothers, which would you rather hear them say: “There’s the chap who turns out the great meals I’ve told you about”; or, “That’s the bloke who murders good food?”
Question placed to trainee cooks by Sergeant-Cook Instructor Bourke (Paddy to all the camp) at Waikato Camp, 1942
Over the last two hundred years, the adage attributed to Napoleon, “An army marches on its stomach,” underscored the paramount importance of sustenance in military operations. In the annals of the New Zealand army, this principle has been diligently upheld, with meticulous attention paid to ensuring soldiers are well-fed, notwithstanding the challenges posed by varying locations and conditions. Establishing the New Zealand Army Service Corps (NZASC) units during the tumultuous periods of the First and Second World Wars is a testament to this commitment. NZASC units were principally charged with baking bread, butchering meat, and procuring and distributing fresh and packaged provisions to frontline units, playing a pivotal role in sustaining the morale and effectiveness of New Zealand forces during these conflicts. Even in more recent conflicts, such as those in Southeast Asia during the 1950s and 60s, New Zealand troops operated on ration scales notably more generous than their British counterparts, a testament to the nation’s dedication to the well-being of its service members. However, despite the recognition of logistical efforts in military history, a notable gap remains in the literature concerning the contributions of New Zealand Army cooks. While Julia Millen’s comprehensive work, Salute to Service: A History of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Transport, acknowledges the significance of Cooks from when they became part of the RNZASC in 1948, scant attention has been paid to the preceding 103 years, from 1865 to 1948.
This article draws upon primary sources and aims to redress this oversight by delving into the hitherto unexplored realm of New Zealand Army catering. By shedding light on the endeavours of these unsung culinary heroes, it seeks to enrich our understanding of the multifaceted efforts required to sustain a fighting force, thereby honouring their indispensable contributions to New Zealand’s military heritage.
Since the first New Zealand Militias were created in 1845, there was always a need to feed the militias when called out for service. Given the nature of Militia service and the fact that they would not serve far from their home location, their messing requirements would have been minimal. Some individuals would likely have been selected from within the ranks to collect any rations provided and prepare meals.
With the advent of the volunteer era in 1858, the New Zealand military became a mixed force of Infantry, Cavalry and artillery who, on occasion, would assemble for annual camps where units within a district would assemble and conduct combined training. While rations were paid through District Headquarters and Defence Stores, messing arrangements would be rudimentary, with men selected from within the ranks preparing the meals from the rations sourced from local vendors. This situation was mirrored in the Permanent Militia, which had staffed coastal defence forts and the military depot at Mount Cook in Wellington since the 1880s.
During New Zealand’s involvement in the war in South Africa, the issue of messing arose as large numbers of mobilising men were stationed in camps. Messing arrangements involved a combination of civilian contractors and regimental cooks. However, an inquiry into soldiers’ comfort, housing, and victualling at the Newtown Park Camp and Volunteer Billets revealed widespread dissatisfaction. Numerous complaints were lodged regarding the quality and quantity of rations provided, the low standard, and, at times, the lack of meals prepared by contractors and regimental cooks.[1] In South Africa, rations, following the British scale, were supplied by the British Army Service Corps (ASC), supplemented by fresh mutton acquired from the enemy and cooked by members of the contingent.[2]
After the conclusion of the South Africa War, interest in the military surged, prompting a reorganisation of the volunteer movement into a more robust and structured system of regiments and battalions. Despite discussions in 1904 regarding establishing a New Zealand Army Service Corps (NZASC), no decision was indicated in the Commandant of the Forces’ annual report on its formation.[3]
Further reorganisation in 1908 saw the ASC matter addressed by the Adjutant General, with discussions continuing into 1909. The Defence Act of 1909 disbanded volunteer forces and established the Territorial Force, supported by conscription. Major General Alexander Godley’s appointment as Commandant of the New Zealand Military Forces in December 1910 provided momentum for reform. In his first year, Godley revitalised the military’s organisational structure, made crucial command and staff appointments, and laid plans to develop the NZASC, which, though officially designated in May 1910, remained only a force on paper.[4]
Despite the Defence Stores Department’s existence since 1869, an ASC nucleus was lacking for forming new units. The proposed NZASC envisioned eight Transport and Supply Columns, divided into Mounted and Mixed Brigade units allocated to each of New Zealand’s four Military Districts and was to be organised by British ASC officer Henry Owen Knox, who arrived in New Zealand in June 1911 and later supported by four ASC officers and Warrant Offices from early 1913. While the NZASC would handle the procurement and distribution of rations, receipt and cooking remained a Regimental responsibility.
Under Godley’s command, the Territorial Army underwent rapid organisation, culminating in the inaugural brigade camps held in 1913. During these camps, the newly established NZASC established its initial depots, receiving supplies previously ordered by the Quartermaster General based on expected strength states and ration scales.
Forty-seven candidates across the Territorial Army were selected in October 1912 to undergo a comprehensive month-long training at Trentham. This pioneering catering course encompassed kitchen work and cooking techniques for field conditions, including practical exercises such as constructing and operating field ovens, fry pans, 8 and 20-gallon boilers and camp kettles.
Of the initial candidates, thirty-eight successfully qualified to supervise cooking for a regiment, with an additional seven attaining certification as company cooks. Unfortunately, two candidates were unable to qualify due to illness. For the 1913 camp, the establishment allowed for a Sergeant Cook per regiment, each granted an additional allowance of 1 Shilling 6 Pence a day (equivalent to 2024 NZD $16.16), while qualified company cooks received 1 Shilling a day (equivalent to 2024 NZD $10.10). Those who served as cooks during the camps were excused from further military training for the rest of the year.[5]
At Trentham, an additional course of instruction was conducted in October 1913, attended by sixty-two territorial soldiers. Thirty-two qualified as competent to supervise cooking for a regiment, making them eligible for appointment as sergeant cooks if vacancies existed within their units. Twenty-seven soldiers qualified as assistant or company cooks; unfortunately, three did not meet the qualifications.
By the end of 1913, this initiative provided the New Zealand Military with a potential pool of 104 trained cooks. However, it was recognised that further efforts were necessary to ensure a sufficient number of cooks would be available to meet the messing needs of the Territorial Force in the event of mobilisation.[6]
A System Under Strain, Lessons Unlearned in the Interwar Years
By the late 1930s, nearly two decades after the end of the First World War, there remained a persistent unease about the Army’s ability to feed its soldiers effectively. While institutional reforms had begun, contemporary commentary suggests that many of the fundamental issues experienced during the war had not yet been fully resolved.
A 1937 article in the Auckland Star, written by W. Revell Reynolds, provides a stark and unvarnished account of army catering during the First World War. Drawing on personal experience across training camps, Egypt, and Gallipoli, Reynolds described a system characterised not by scarcity, but by failure in execution.
Food, he noted, was often adequate at the point of issue, but was rendered unpalatable or even inedible through poor preparation. Cooks were frequently untrained and, in many cases, selected from those seeking to avoid frontline duties rather than for any culinary competence. Officers, for their part, were described as largely ignorant of catering and nutrition, with institutional focus placed elsewhere.
More concerning were allegations of systemic weaknesses in control and accountability. Reynolds pointed to instances of misappropriated allowances, questionable quality of supplied goods, and the hoarding or misallocation of rations. Whether exaggerated or not, such perceptions highlight a broader lack of confidence in the integrity of the supply and catering system at the time.
Perhaps most significantly, Reynolds drew a direct connection between poor nutrition and operational effectiveness. The absence of basic dietary components such as fresh vegetables, fats, and stimulants was linked to widespread illness, particularly dysentery and other gastrointestinal conditions, which were endemic in theatres such as Gallipoli. In this sense, catering was not merely a matter of comfort, but of survival.
Reynolds’ account suggests that the issue was not supply alone, but the absence of a professional system capable of turning rations into effective sustainment.
His concluding concern was forward-looking. Writing in 1937, Reynolds questioned how the Army intended to feed its soldiers in any future conflict, suggesting that without meaningful reform, the same deficiencies would re-emerge under the pressures of mobilisation.
The outbreak of the Second World War would force that reform. Under the pressures of mobilisation, the Army moved decisively toward a more professional, standardised, and controlled system of catering and supply, laying the foundations for the modern military catering capability.
The declaration of war and subsequent mobilisation halted any plans for further peacetime training of cooks, as all efforts shifted towards providing trained personnel for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. The NZASC expanded its role at home and as part of the NZEF, taking on responsibility for bakeries and butcheries. However, despite ensuring the provision of necessary food items to units, cooking remained the responsibility of each unit. Cooks were trained at the Army School of Instruction at Trentham, with further training conducted at NZEF camps in the United Kingdom.In New Zealand, military and civilian cooks fulfilled the necessary messing functions at various mobilisation and Territorial Camps, while unit cooks supported units in the field.
Cooks with first frozen mutton received in the desert during WWI. Hood, D : Photographs relating to World War I and II. Ref: 1/2-067444-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23212994
Wellington Regiment cooker, and men, within 1000 yards of the front line, Colincamps, France. Royal New Zealand Returned and Services’ Association :New Zealand official negatives, World War 1914-1918. Ref: 1/2-013209-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22604005
During the interbellum period, the Army School of Instruction in Trentham ceased operations in 1921, with few records of formal training for Army cooks until 1938.
In 1937, the Special Reserve Scheme was introduced to provide personnel for the coast defence batteries and three infantry battalions of Fortress troops. Under this scheme, single soldiers underwent three months of continuous training, followed by a three-year commitment to attend training for 10 days annually, with an obligation to report for service within New Zealand in the event of a national emergency. During their three months of training, they were also allowed to attend technical college, free of charge, on a course of their choice. Facilitating the necessary training, the Army School of Instruction (ASI) was re-established at Trentham, supported by District Schools of Instruction (DSI) at Narrow Neck, Trentham, and Burnham.[7]
The first account of cooks participating in this training scheme saw a batch of seventy-two, nine of whom were cooks, enter Trentham in August 1938 for their initial military training, beginning their vocational training in January 1939 with three of the cooks going to Narrow Neck in Auckland and the other six to Fort Dorset.[8] Reviewing the work of the officers and men under his command, the Officer Command the Central Military District, Colonel E Puttick, commented in April 1939 that “there had never been any complaint about the food, and it was clear that the special reservists who had taken cookery training as their vocational course in the Army Training School at Trentham had received excellent instruction”.[9]
While Colonel Puttick may have been satisfied with the catering arrangements in his district, there was dissatisfaction with the quality of rations and cooks in the northern and Southern Districts. In May 1939, reports of sub-standard rations, the performance of civilian cooks at territorial Camps resulting in their packing up and walking out mid camp and the refusals of Territorial soldiers to work on mess fatigue parties led the District Commander, Colonel P.H Bell to call an all-day conference with his Quartermaster and Quartermaster Sergeants to consider the Army’s food problems, including the quality of rations and most importantly how to resolve the fundamental problem that the Army had no cooks of its own, engaging civilians for the period of camps. [10] In the Northern District, a deputation of civilian cooks led by Mr W. R Connolly, a cook with 37 years’ experience of cooking in military camps, went directly to the officer of the Star Newspaper with their grievances following a ten-day camp with A Squadron of the 4th Mounted Regiment. Joining the squadron on 3 May at Cambridge, they deployed to Rotorua, Tauranga, and Paeroa, finishing up at Narrow Neck on 12 May. The cook’s issue was that they were civilians contracted to work in a fixed camp and not on the march, and they were at much reduced rates than they had received before the depression.[11]
Despite these challenges, the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 prompted a renewed focus on army catering. On the declaration of war, it was decided that New Zealand would contribute an Expeditionary Force. Initially, a “Special Force” was planned, with one battalion in each of the three military districts. The Special Force was later expanded into the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2 NZEF).
Three weeks before the Special Force encamped at Trentham, Acting Prime Minister Mr Peter Fraser and Minister of Defence Mr Frederick Jones visited the site to inspect preparations for the new mobilisation camp. During their visit, the Commandant of the ASI, Major J I Brook, hosted them for lunch. Impressed by the meal, they specifically requested the Regular Force Mess diet sheet and received positive feedback from regular soldiers on the meal quality. The Ministers inquired about the possibility of providing similar meals to the men of the Special Force. In response, Major Brook suggested that providing the same meals to the Special Force could be achieved if cooks were available and ample rations were provided. Following this discussion, permission was granted to establish an Army School of Cookery under the ASI.[12]
By December 1939, under the tutelage of a fully qualified army cookery instructor, the first batch of thirty-two men had completed their training at the Army School of Cookery, with a second batch completing their training on 8 December. Initial training was on the standard equipment found in any camp, typically three ovens able to bake for 120 men. Once qualified in the basics of camp cooking, training on the Portable Cooker No. 1 and other field cookery followed.[13]
As the 2NZEF established itself in Egypt, the significance of quality cooking was duly recognised. Although the Cooks selected for the First Echelon underwent training courses at the Trentham School of Cookery, they were not qualified cooks under Middle East conditions. They required instruction on breaking down bulk rations and handling food in the field, so arrangements were made to train New Zealand cooks at the Army School of Cookery in Cairo. Additionally, the services of a non-commissioned officer (NCO) from the 7th British Armoured Division was enlisted as an instructor to the 2 NZEF under the supervision of the Divisional Supply Column officer. With the second Echelon diverted to England, General Freyberg consulted the manager of the Lyons chain of restaurants, who was an adviser to the War Office on army catering, with arrangements made with the War Office in London for the secondment of four NCOs to the 2 NZEF to form the nucleus of the 2 NZEF cookery school. These NCOs accompanied the Second Echelon troops from England to Egypt.[14]
A typical New Zealand field cookhouse in the desert during World War II. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch :Photographs relating to World War 1914-1918, World War 1939-1945, occupation of Japan, Korean War, and Malayan Emergency. Ref: DA-00798-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23050225
With this reorganisation and expansion, the NZEF cookery school conducted thorough training and testing for cooks. Starting from February 1941, all cooks were required to be qualified either at the NZEF school or the Middle East school before being eligible for extra-duty pay.[15]
As the war progressed, the Army School of Cookery at Trentham continued to run regular courses. However, the demand for cooks necessitated the DSIs to conduct cookery instruction to train men as they were called up for the NZEF and Home Defence. In addition to male soldiers training as cooks, from 1939, the first females from Auckland Womans Service Corps were employed as cooks in Papakura Camp to supplement the civilian and military cooks. Although on the Army payroll, the initial female cooks were not considered serving soldiers. By June 1941, fifteen female cooks were working across all the Military districts. However, it was not until July 1942 that approval was given for the New Zealand Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in New Zealand, formally establishing these female cooks as part of the military establishment.[16]
Cook from the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps putting meat in an oven to roast, for men at a World War II military camp in New Zealand. New Zealand Free Lance : Photographic prints and negatives. Ref: PAColl-8602-40. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22895614
By October 1942, three hundred men of the Territorial Force had received training at Ngawahiwaha Camp. The established ratio for cooks to troops was one cook for every 50 men, two for 100, three for 150, and an additional cook for every 100 additional men. Throughout the Army, the standard of cooking, in terms of variety and quality, had seen significant improvement. It was widely acknowledged that a properly trained army cook could secure employment in a civilian hotel or restaurant upon demobilisation.[17]
Sergeant “Paddy” Bourke, veteran army cook, turns the roast. He was in Egypt with the Expeditionary Force of a generation ago; (Evening Post, 13 April 1940). Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/17717327
In May 1944, the use of WACs as cooks had become a normalised and essential function of the war effort, with an article in the Dominion newspaper detailing the work of the 65 WAACs on the messing staff of Trentham Camp and providing details of the training of the latest batch of eighteen female cooks who had just completed a three-week cooking course the Trentham ASI.[18]It’s essential to recognise that New Zealand was not operating in isolation but rather observing developments across the armies of the British Empire as they transitioned from the regimental cook system to a more centralised and professional model. In the United Kingdom, the Cook trade was under the control of the Army Catering Corps (ACC) upon its creation in March 1941, forming as a subsidiary element of the Royal Army Service Corps Supply Branch. Australia followed suit in 1943, establishing the Australian Army Catering Corps. Canada took a similar approach, forming the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC) Catering Wing at No. 1 Reinforcement Unit in Britain in August 1942 to train cooks for the Army.
A cook with the 22 New Zealand Battalion, stokes up his fire in the forward areas near Rimini, Italy, 21 September 1944 during World War II. New Zealand. Department of Internal Affairs. War History Branch
The Canadian Army’s experience was that many cooks had previously been members of their unit. However, experience revealed that they were not necessarily skilled soldiers and often functioned as poor cooks tasked with feeding their comrades. Consequently, starting in 1942, all cooks were transferred to the RCASC, which then assigned them to the various units they were to serve. This change resulted in a rapid improvement in cooking standards.[19] Although New Zealand had adopted other British logistical organisational changes, such as the formation of the Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, with enthusiasm, it was more reserved about any changes to its cooks, combining cooks into a single corps was not a wartime priority.
In 1944, New Zealand commenced the demobilisation process, which included disbanding the Home Guard and the standing down of elements of the Territorial Force. By the war’s conclusion in 1945, most of the forces stationed at home underwent rapid demobilisation. The 2NZEF was disbanded by 1946, aligning with the downsizing trend seen in many Western militaries. However, despite this size reduction, the Government and the Army hesitated to revert the military to its pre-war dimensions and structure. Instead, they opted to reorganise it into what became known as the Interim Army.
New Zeland Army Order 60/1947 of 1 August 1947 detailed the trade classification and promotion requirements of the Regular Force. This order retained cooks as two specific All Arms trades;
Cooks, Hospital. A Group A trade applicable to All Arms, including the New Zealand Army Nursing Service (NZANS)
Cooks (other than hospital cook). A Group B trade applicable to All Arms, including the NZWAAC
The Commandant of the ASI set the syllabus for the Cooks, hospital, and Cooks (other than hospital cooks). During his period, there was no steward’s trade.[20]
In 1947, three officers and four NCOs were brought out from Britain to raise the standards of catering in the New Zealand Army. This task included providing training and instruction in cooking and catering and guidance on ration scales and meal planning. With the New Zealand Army perceived as too small for a stand-alone Catering Corps, considering that the NZASC was responsible for the Supply function, Butchers and Bakers, it made sense to emulate the Canadian model and bring all cooks under the umbrella of the RNZASC.
To facilitate this transition, the Army Board approved the formation of a Catering Group as a section of the RNZASC. It issued New Zealand Army Instruction (NZAI) 2049 on 15 February 1948 detailing the Supplies and Transport Catering Group (STCG) formation. Initially, the STCG comprised of;
A Staff Officer (Catering) in the Directorate of Supplies and Transport at Army Headquarters.
District Catering advisers (NC0s) on the staff of the Districts Assistant Director Supply and Transport (ADST)
Instructors on the staff of the Army School of Instruction to operate a Catering Wing.
Cooks and kitchenhands on unit peace establishments.
The function of the STCG was to
To train and provide unit cooks and kitchen hands.
Instruction in and supervision of the management of the Army ration scale.
Improvement of standard of food preparation and cooking.
Advice on the installation and instruction in the operation of cooking appliances and kitchen equipment.
Despite NZAI 2049 bringing all army catering services under the jurisdiction of the RNZASC, the Cooks trade remained dispersed among various units. However, this issue was addressed with the implementation of NZAI 2147 in September 1948.[22]
No 2147. SUPPLIES AND TRANSPORT CATERING GROUP, RNZASC NZAI 1319 and 2049 are hereby cancelled.
Approval has been given for the formation of a catering Group in RNZASC. This group will be known as the Supplies and Transport Catering Group (abbreviated title STCG).
The functions of the STCG are – a. To train and provide unit, &c, cooks and messing staffs. b. Instruction in and supervision of the management of the Army Ration Scale. c. The preparation, cooking and serving of all rations. d. Advise on the installation and instruction in the operation of cooking appliances and kitchen equipment. e. Advise on the layout of mess buildings.
Initially the STCG will comprise- a. A Staff Officer (Catering) on the Directorate of Supplies and Transport at Army HQ. b. District catering advisers (NCOs) on the staff of ADs ST District. c. Instructors on the staff of ASI to operate a “Catering Wing”. d. Messing Staff of all units
In order to implement para 3 above, the following action will be taken:- a. From the date of publication of this instruction soldiers classified as “kitchen hands” or “Mess Orderly” will be classified as “probationer cook” or “mess steward” respectively. The terms “kitchen hands” or “mess orderly” will no longer be used. NOTES: – (i) For star classification purposes “probationer cooks” will form the “learner: class of the group “B” trade of cook and will be treated as Group “D” tradesmen (ii) Whenever the term “messing staffs” is used in this instruction, it will included “cooks,” “probationary cooks,” and “mess stewards” b. All cooks, probationer cooks, and mess stewards, other than of the NZWAC, will be posted to RNZASC. c. All messing staffs. including NZWAC messing staffs, in districts will be carried on the establishments of district ASC Coys under the sub heading of STCG. d. OsC Districts will allot messing staffs to units on the recommendations of DA DsST. e. Messing staffs, including NZWAC messing staffs, of Army HQ units will be carried on the establishments of the respective units under the sub heading STCG.
STCG messing staff strengths will be assessed according to unit messing strengths as follows:- a. Unit messing strengths will be taken as establishment strength less 20 per cent (to allow for personnel Living out). b. Cooks. – Cooks will be allocated to units on the following scale: i. One cook per unit all ranks (or portion thereof) on unit messing strength up to a total of 650. ii. One extra cook p er 90 all ranks (or portion thereof) on unit messing strength in excess of 650. iii. One extra cook for each cookhouse in excess of one. iv. In addition, one chief cook (WO or NCO) for each unit. The rank of this WO or NCO shall be dependent on the strength of the messing staff serving in the unit concerned, in accordance with the scale laid down in para 6 below. c. Probationer Cooks:- i. Two probationer cooks to each kitchen where cooking is carried out for messing strength of 65 or under. ii. Four probationer cooks to each kitchen where cooking is carried out for messing strength in excess of 65 d. Mess Stewards: i. One mess steward for each 25 all ranks (or portion thereof) on unit messing strength. ii. In addition, one mess steward for each 6 officers (or portion thereof) on unit messing strength up to a total of 42 officers. iii. When the number of officers exceeds 42, one extra mess steward for each 9 officers ( or portion thereof) on unit strength in excess of 42). iv. Mess stewards in any mess to include at least one NCO, except when total number of mess stewards is less than 3.
In calculating ranks of messing staff, the following guide will be used: In every 69 messing staff OR’s carried on establishment under STCG there may be 21 NCOs from Corporal upwards on the following scale: One Warrant Officer. Two Staff Sergeants. Six Sergeants. Twelve Corporals.
The chief cook in any unit will rank as the senior member of the messing staff, irrespective of the rank of the senior mess steward. He will be responsible for: a. The proper functioning of the messing staff. b. Close co-operation with the unit messing officer. c. Training of probationer cooks.
Amended establishments will be issued shortly.
New Zealand Army Instruction 2147, 15 September 1948
With this new directive, New Zealand Army cooks (NZWAC cooks and stewards, which remained a separate corps but were under technical control of the RNZASC for catering purposes, until 1977 when they joined the RNZASC) were finally consolidated into a single corps, allowing for a standardised training syllabus. Additionally, to enhance the catering function and provide a comprehensive messing service, the Stewards trade was formalised as part of the RNZASC. By the end of 1948, the groundwork had been laid for the RNZASC Catering trade to support the evolving New Zealand army.
In conclusion, the evolution of Army catering in New Zealand from 1845 to 1948 reflects a journey marked by adaptability, innovation, and a commitment to sustaining the morale and effectiveness of New Zealand’s military forces. During this period, New Zealand’s military catering underwent a significant transformation from rudimentary messing arrangements in the early militia days. However, the importance of well-fed troops was consistently recognised, as evidenced by the efforts to improve messing arrangements, the establishment of training programs for cooks, and the integration of civilian and military personnel into the catering function. Despite challenges such as dissatisfaction with rations and the shortage of trained cooks, the New Zealand Army continually sought to enhance its catering capabilities, particularly in response to the demands of wartime mobilisation. The establishment of the Army School of Cookery, the integration of female cooks into the military establishment, and the adoption of international best practices, such as those observed in the British and Canadian armies, demonstrate New Zealand’s commitment to modernising its catering services and ensuring the provision of quality meals for its troops. By consolidating army catering services under the RNZASC umbrella and formalising the Cooks and Stewards trades, the New Zealand Army laid the groundwork for a more structured and professional catering function as the country transitioned into the post-war era. By 1948, the stage was set for the RNZASC Catering trade to play a pivotal role in supporting the evolving needs of the New Zealand army, reflecting a legacy of culinary excellence and dedication to service.
Notes
[1] “Newtown Park Camp (Inquiry into Conduct of),” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1901 Session I, H-19a (1901).
[2] “New Zealand Contingent (No 1): Extracts from Reports by Major Robin, Commanding New Zealand Contingent, to Officer Commanding Forces,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900 Session I, H-06a (1900).
[3] J Babington, “Defence Forces of New Zealand (Report on the) by Major General J.M Babington, Commandant of the Forces.,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1904 Session I, H-19 (1904).
[4] Based on the British logistics system the NZASC was to be responsible for the Transport and the supply of forage, rations and fuel. The supply and maintenance of all small-arms, ammunition, accoutrements, clothing, and field equipment Stores was to remain a responsibility of the Defence Stores Department which in 1917 became the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps. Robert McKie, “Unappreciated Duty: The Forgotten Contribution of New Zealand’s Defence Stores Department in Mobilising the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in 1914: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand” (Massey University, 2022).
[5] “H-19 Report on the Defence Forces of New Zealand for the Period 28 June 1912 to 20 June 1913,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1913).
[6] “Military Forces of New Zealand (Report by the Inspector General of Ther Overseas Forces on the),” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1914 Session I, H-19a (1914).
[7] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the Chief of the General Staff,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, (1938).
[8] “Vocational Training,” Wairarapa Times-Age, , 17 January 1939.
[9] “Military Camps,” Evening Post, Volume CXXVII, Issue 80, , 5 April 1939.
[11] “Walked out Army Cooks,” Auckland Star, Volume LXX, Issue 114, , 17 May 1939.
[12] “Soldier Cooks,” King Country Chronicle, Volume XXXIII, Issue 4856,, 1 November 1939.
[13] “Diet for Troops,” King Country Chronicle, Volume XXXIII, Issue 4856,, 1 December 1939.
[14] William Graham McClymont, To Greece, vol. 4 (War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1959), 23.
[15] Thomas Duncan MacGregor Stout, New Zealand Medical Services in Middle East and Italy, vol. 12 (War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956), 47.
[16] Iris Latham, The Waac Story (Wellington, New Zealand1986), 1-4.
[17] “Moral Builders NZ Army Cooks,” Bay of Plenty Times, Volume LXXI, Issue 13760,, 1 October 1942.
[18] “Waac’s New Role,” Dominion, Volume 37, Issue 207, , 30 May 1944.
[19] Arnold Warren, Wait for the Waggon: The Story of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (McClelland, 1961).
[20] “Special New Zealand Army Order 60/1947 – the Star Classification and Promotion of Other Ranks of Ther Regular Force,”(1947).
[21] “New Zealand Army Instruction 2049 – Supplies and Transport Catering Group, Rnzasc,”(1948).
[22] “New Zealand Army Instruction 2147 – Supplies and Transport Catering Group, Rnzasc,”(1948).
The object is to make these forces (New Zealand Militia and Volunteer Forces) as effective as possible against irregular infantry, whose mode of warfare is skirmishing on broken ground, generally covered in fern and scrub”.
Memoradium Frederick Whittaker to Colonial Secertary, 27 April 1860
The military logistics history of New Zealand in the 19th century unfolds as a saga of strategic vision, administrative challenges, and coordination amidst escalating tensions and clashes between settlers and Māori in the mid-1800s. This era was characterised by legislative endeavours, notably marked by the passage of the Militia Act of 1858 by the New Zealand Parliament. At the heart of implementing this legislation were the logistical requisitions directed towards Hebbert and Co, a London-based military outfitter with extensive contracts across various British territories. These requisitions underscored the planning and resource allocation needed to equip New Zealand’s burgeoning militia and volunteer forces.
The initial requisition, initiated in June 1859, marked the first step towards enhancing the colony’s defensive capabilities. It encompassed a comprehensive array of arms, ammunition, and accoutrements, reflecting the latest standards utilised by the British Army and deemed essential for military readiness. Subsequent requisitions, driven by evolving strategic needs and logistical deficiencies, further highlighted the intricacies of managing the supply chain within a colonial context.
Recognising the broader implications for contemporary military logisticians is imperative for grasping the significance of these requisitions. Beyond their historical narrative, procurement, transportation, and inventory management complexities offer timeless insights into the enduring challenges logistics professionals face in ensuring operational readiness. As we delve deeper into the complexities of these requisitions and their outcomes, it becomes evident that the legacy of strategic foresight and logistical prowess perseveres. The lessons extracted from this historical chapter stand as a testament to the enduring relevance of effective logistical planning and execution in military operations, both past and present.
Preparing for conflict
The escalating tensions between settlers and Māori and the lessons of the conflicts of 1845/6 led to the acceptance that a robust force capable of deployment throughout New Zealand was necessary. In response, in May 1858, the New Zealand Parliament enacted the Militia Act of 1858. This legislation maintained the Militia’s role in defending fixed locations, obliging all eligible men to serve within their designated areas. However, it also introduced provisions for establishing volunteer units, granting them the flexibility to operate anywhere in the colony and exempting their members from militia duty. [1]
The Act restructured the country into militia districts supported by a small permanent training staff. It established a central command hub in Auckland, administered by Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Henry Colin Balneavis as the Deputy Adjutant General of Militia and Volunteers.[2]
Colonel Balneavis, circa 1900, by William Francis Gordon, Hartley Webster. Purchased 1916. Te Papa (O.011955/02)
Since the inception of the first New Zealand Militia units in 1845, the government had assumed responsibility for supplying arms and equipment to the Militia. The supply of Arms and equipment was initially sourced through commercial purchases and government sources such as the Colonial Store in Australia, the Ordnance Department and British Regiments, including 500 flint muskets acquired and distributed in 1845. However, as Militia units were disbanded, arms on distribution to the Militia were recalled and returned to the local magistrate, police or Ordnance Stores for safekeeping.[3] In August 1850, Major General George Dean Pitt, the Commander of the forces 1848-51, initiated a military enhancement program, which included upgrades to Wellington’s Mount Cook Barracks, Auckland’s Albert Barracks, and Fort Britomart. As part of this initiative, he also requested 500 percussion muskets from England to replace 500 flint muskets then stored by the Ordnance Store on behalf of the New Zealand Government. In May 1852, the 500 flint muskets were returned to England, while the new percussion weapons remained in the Ordnance Store.[4] However, many more Flint muskets inevitably remained in storage in the provinces.
While the Ordnance Store and British Regiments were naturally considered the primary source of military supplies for the colony, their capacity to provide stores during peacetime was constrained by an order issued by Lord Panmure, the Secretary of State for War, on 17th April 1856.[5] This directive stipulated that supplies could only be allocated to the colonial government following approval from the Secretary of State for War. However, in cases of emergency declared by the Governor, stores could be released under the condition that the colonial government reimbursed the British Government for the expenses incurred, including a 15% fee for packaging, transportation, warehousing, etc.
Panmure’s directive came into question in March 1857 when Colonel Robert Wynyard of the 58th Regiment imported 1,600 percussion rifles and 669,000 rounds of ball ammunition. Since these goods arrived before Balneavis assumed the role of Militia adjutant, the distribution of these arms remains somewhat ambiguous. Nevertheless, records indicate that 200 weapons were assigned to the Taranaki Militia, while the allocation of 1,000 rifles to Auckland was less transparent. This issue was eventually resolved, affirming the New Zealand Government’s responsibility for providing and supplying militia stores to its military and volunteer forces.
From May 1858, Balneavis began taking on charge government arms held in the 58th Regiment Armoury and the Ordnance Store, yielding varying results. During the handover of arms from the 58th armoury in May 1858, Balneavis only received 200 percussion muskets, 66 flint muskets, and 12 cases containing cutlasses, boarding spikes, old belts and other assorted accoutrements. However, the arms taken on charge from the Ordnance Store proved more fruitful. Balneavis acquired the 500 percussion muskets received in 1852 and four cases containing 120 percussion carbines with bayonets, scabbards, and additional equipment. The carbines, unused and in pristine condition, were of the same type utilised by the Auckland Police. However, there was no record of how they had been incorporated into Government service. It was speculated that they might have been included in a batch brought to New Zealand by Governor Grey in 1846 for settlers or friendly Māori. However, they were placed into the Ordnance Stores and remained unissued.
Fuelled by the potential of escalating conflict in Taranaki, the Militia experienced a resurgence, along with the formation of volunteer units, prompting the Legislative Council to place a requisition in June 1859 for arms and accoutrements on London merchants Messrs Hebbert and Co to meet its commitment to supply all militia and volunteer forces.
Messrs Hebbert and Co, a London-based military outfitter/contractor established in 1815, held contracts with Her Majesty’s Home, Indian, and Colonial Governments. Initially focused on army clothing, accoutrements, and cap-making, they also brokered contracts with external manufacturers for equipment they did not produce. In addition to their contracts with colonial governments like New Zealand, Messrs Hebbert and Co supplied items to the Confederate Navy during the United States Civil War.
First Requisition
Sent by the fastest mail to Britain in June 1859, the first requisition consisted of the following items:
500 (increased to 1000) Rifles of the most improved type used by Her Majesty’s troops, with Sword Bayonets, Belts and Pouches
100000 (increased to 200000) Rounds of Ball Cartridges
200000 (increased to 400000) Percussion Caps, and
25000 (increased to 50000) Blank rounds.
Hebbert and Co confirmed receipt of the requisition on 18 October 1859. Although, at this early stage, they could not confirm the manufacturing details, the suggestion was made that to mitigate any possible rejections taking place in Auckland and the inability to provide replacements prior to delivery, inspections under the direction of General Charles Hay, the Commander and Inspector General of Musketry be arranged and on the recommendation of the Deputy Adjutant General of Militia and Volunteers, the New Zealand Government approved this course of action.
Second Requisition
In January 1860, the issue of inadequate arms supply in the colony was brought to the attention of the Colonial Secretary. Given the burgeoning formation of Volunteer and Militia units, it became evident that the current order for rifles would not suffice. Moreover, while Cavalry Arms had been procured for 200 men, there was a pressing need for more to equip the additional Volunteer Cavalry Corps in the process of being established.
Believing that Percussion Muskets might be available in the Military or Government Stores in Australia, arranging for arms to be temporarily lent to New Zealand and returned once the rifles arrived was considered an option. Additionally, a small quantity of rifles and revolvers from Sydney and Melbourne were purchased at a reasonable cost. Ultimately, on 27th April 1860, a decision was made to supplement the initial requisition with a second rerquistions for additional arms, accoutrements and ammunition.:
1000 Rifles and accoutrements to arm Militia and volunteers.
300 arms and accoutrements for Cavalry Volunteers, the desired arms been.
200 Revolving Carbines
100 Revolving Pistols with movable shoulder stocks
500000 Rounds of Ball Cartridges
805000 Percussion Caps
50000 Blank rounds
Additionally, separate from the primary requisition, an order for six Prize revolvers was placed on 28 April 1860.[6] These requisitions were acknowledged by Hebbert and Co on 19 May 1860, noting that communications with General Hay confirming that the Rifles were to be the same pattern as the ones to be supplied for the first order, the type of Carbines was yet to be decided.
Third Requisition
On 3 July 1860, a third request for an additional order of 1000 rifles and accoutrements was placed with Hebbert and Co, bringing the total purchase to 3000. Hebbert and Co acknowledged receipt of this third requisition on 26 September 1860, confirming that the order for rifles would be expedited without delay.
However, Hebbert and Co informed that, upon the advice of General Hay, work on manufacturing revolving carbines had ceased. It was determined that no existing model of revolving carbine was suitable for military purposes, and those produced for civilian use had been discontinued. Consequently, it was decided to replace revolving carbines with a superiorly manufactured breech-loading carbine.
The carbines eventually selected by General Hay were of the type then in use by the Indian Cavalry, resembling the pattern of artillery carbines issued by the British Government. These carbines offered several advantages, including compatibility with the bore, cartridges, and caps used for the rifles. Their sights were initially set for 300 yards but could easily be adjusted for 500 to 600 yards.
Cavalry Carbine. Terry Shattock Collection
The rifles produced by Hollis & Sheath of Birmingham for New Zealand were the latest .577-inch calibre rifles developed under General Hay’s direction. This updated design incorporated changes to the stock and barrel length and weight, rifling, and other specifications, resulting in a firearm that boasted improved accuracy and a more extended range compared to the earlier Enfield pattern. However, these modifications to the rifle design and the necessary adjustments to manufacturing machinery caused production delays. Consequently, instead of delivering the rifles in a single consignment for each requisition, the delivery schedule was divided into seven consignments. The first of these consignments was dispatched from England on 25 August 1860, with the final shipment reaching New Zealand on 19 October 1861.
Hay Pattern Rifle. Terry Shattock Collection
Logistics Preparation to receive arms
As the Deputy Adjutant General of Militia and Volunteers, Balneavis, with a small staff based in the Militia armoury at Albert Barracks, undertook multiple administrative and organisational tasks to establish the various units and satisfy the many requests for equipment submitted by unit commanders.
As the tempo of work in receiving and distributing equipment increased during 1860, assisting Balneavis as militia and volunteer storekeeper was his Sergeant Major and Clerk John Mitchell.[7] Initially employed in 1856, Mitchell was formally employed as a sergeant in May 1858. In recognition of the additional work required in organising and equipping the Militia and Volunteers, Mitchell was awarded an annual salary increase of £80 in 1861.[8] Additional assistance was provided to Balneavis and Mitchell by Mr T Gibbins, who had been employed as an arms cleaner and labourer since January 1859.[9] In October 1861, James Bloomfield joined Balneavis staff as a clerk, remaining part of the Defence Stores until December 1888. [10] To manage periods of increased activity, Balneavis regularly sought permission to hire additional arms cleaners to help with the upkeep of the Arms and Accoutrements in the Militia Armoury. For instance, on 5 December 1861, he submitted a request to employ three arms cleaners at a rate of five shillings per day (equivalent to approximately NZD $9.21 in 2024) for the month. This request was granted on 10th December.[11]
In anticipation of receiving Arms and Accoutrements, on 25th February 1861, Balneavis sought authorisation for the Colonial Secretary to inspect and mark arms arriving from England with a number and to carry out necessary alterations to accoutrements. Regarding the marking of arms, Balneavis obtained a quotation from Auckland gunsmith David Evitt, who proposed a cost of six shillings each (equivalent to approximately NZD $9.21 in 2024) to number up to 4000 arms, including Bayonets, Muzzle Stoppers, and ramrods. The Colonial Secretary sanctioned this proposal on 9th April 1861.[12]
Tawera Shipment
The initial batch of rifles comprised 410 units, with 200 being inspected on 10 August and 210 on 25 August by an armourer sergeant provided by General Hay. Each rifle underwent disassembly, with the locks examined and sights tested. Subsequently, 40 rifles underwent testing by General Hay himself. Throughout this process, 18 rifles were rejected, prompting a reduction of the consignment to 390 to avoid having a partial box of 2 rifles. The first consignment consisted of:
390 Rifles, General Hay Pattern, Calibre .577 in
390 Bayonets
390 Bayonet Scabbards
1000 Muzzle Stoppers
Extras for 1000 Rifles
100 Lock Vice Nipple Keys
100 Jags (Ball Drawer)
1000 Nipples
100 Snap Caps
500 Snap Cap leather
100 Muzzle Stoppers
Rifle Accoutrements
360 Black Leather Pouches – 50 Rounds
360 Black Leather Pouch Belts
360 Black Leather waist Belts with Brass Snake hook Furniture
180 Black Leather Frogs
360 Black Leather Ball Bags with Oil Bottles
360 Black Leather Cap Pockets
360 Black Leather Gun Slings with Brass Buckles
Ammunition
200000 Rounds Ball Cartridges
50000 Rounds Blank Cartridges
400000 Percussion Caps
Extracr from the Tawera Invoice
The consignment was packed into 51 cases for transport on the Brigantine Tawera, departing Gravesend on 5 September 1860. The Tawera arrived in Auckland on 22 December 1860.[13]
Included in this consignment was the order for the six Adams Pattern 54 Bore revolvers, with Bullet moulds, extra nipples, and cleaning rods specially engraved with names and inscriptions.[14]
A presentation Beaumont-Adams. Puke Ariki Accession number A57.362
A presentation Beaumont-Adams. Puke Ariki Accession number A57.362
On receipt in New Zealand, the consignment was inspected by Balneavis, who noted that the consignment had been received in good order except for some Bayonets, which required fitting, and some rifles required cleaning, which was done.
Sevilla Shipment
On 21 September, General Hay’s team inspected the second batch of 320 rifles, with 10 Rifles rejected. The consignment that was packed into 38 cases consisted of
310 Rifled General Hay Pattern with Snap Caps
310 Bayonets
310 Bayonet Scabbards
Rifle Accoutrements
180 Black Waxed leather frogs to complete 360 sets sent on the Tawera
In addition to the Arms, accoutrements and ammunition associated with the existing requisitions, the Sevilla had also loaded an additional consignment of 76 cases of Breech-loading Carbines and ammunition ordered on behalf of the Government by Gilfillan and Company consisting of:
45 Calisher & Terry Breech Loading Carbines
34000 rounds of Breech-loading ammunition
68000 Percussion Caps
These constituted part of a requisition placed on merchants Gilfillan and Company by the New Zealand Government on 4 April 1860 for One Hundred Revolving Carbines. [16] However, Gilfillan and Co failed to procure any Revolving Carbines and instead provided 100 Terry Breech Loading Carbines, which were delivered in three instalments.
First Instalment – 20 Calisher & Terry Breech Loading Carbines from Sydney on the Kate, received on 8 May 1860
Second Instalment – 45 Calisher & Terry Breech Loading Carbines from the United Kingdom on the Sevilla, received on 22 April 1861
Third Instalment – 35 Calisher & Terry Breech Loading Carbines from the United Kingdom on the Bosworth, received on 22 April 1861
Example of a Calisher & Terry .30 bore breech loading percussion carbine. Puke Ariki Accession number A76.911
Loaded onto the barque Sevilla, this consignment of Hay Rifles and accoutrements departed London and, as part of the build-up of Imperial troops in New Zealand, called into Queenstown (now Cork, Ireland) on 20 October to embark two officers and 110 men of the 14th Regiment, along with 20 saloon passengers. After a lengthy voyage of 128 days, the Sevilla anchored in Auckland Harbour on 25 February 1861.
After the unloading of the Sevilla, on 22 April, Lieutenant Colonel Balneavis chaired two inspection boards, with Captain Campbell, the Adjutant of the Auckland Militia, and Lieutenant Wayne of the Auckland Cavalry Guard serving as members. Their task was to thoroughly examine and report on the arms, accoutrements, and ammunition received from England on the Sevilla. [17]
The board’s inspection of the 310 rifles and accoutrements confirmed that the consignment was accurate and of satisfactory quality, noting that an earlier Board Consisting of Captain Campbell, Adjutant 1st Battalion Auckland Regiment and Captain Joyce Adjutant Auckland Volunteers had condemned five rifles on 14 March due to damage caused by rust.[18]
Inspecting the carbines, accoutrements, and ammunition, the board noted that, in comparison to a consignment of 20 Calisher & Terry Breech-loading carbines received from Sydney on the Kate on 8 May 1860, the carbines received from England, while serviceable, were of somewhat inferior quality, this indicates the consignment of carbines from England were Terry’s Breech-loading carbines. Nevertheless, they met the requirements for inspection. The ammunition was deemed suitable; however, it was observed that the inserts in the pouches designed for fitting cartridges were too small to accommodate the carbine ammunition adequately. Though still functional, they would require modification for optimal use.[19]
Bosworth Shipment
In October, General Hay’s team inspected the remaining rifles needed to fulfil the initial requisition of 1000 rifles. On 6 October, 300 rifles were inspected, but 12 were rejected. Another ten rifles underwent inspection on 15 October and passed. Together with the two rifles held over from the first consignment, this completed the consignment of 300 rifles.
The final consignment included the remaining equipment from the first requisition and the total amount of ammunition from the second requisition. These items were packed into 36 cases, comprising:
In addition to the Arms, accoutrements and ammunition associated with the existing requisitions, the Bosworth had also loaded an additional consignment of 193 cases of Terry Breech-loading Carbines and ammunition ordered on behalf of the Government by Gilfillan and Company consisting of
35 Terry Breech Loading Carbines contained in 5 cases
An unknown quantity of Breech Loading Carbine ammunition in 188 cases[21]
These consignments were transported on the vessel Bosworth, sailing from Gravesend and arriving in Auckland on 6 March 1861, making the passage from England in 108 days.
After the unloading process on the Bosworth, Lieutenant Colonel Balneavis chaired two inspection boards, with Captain Campbell, the Adjutant of the Auckland Militia, and Lieutenant Wayne of the Auckland Cavalry Guard serving as members. Their task was to thoroughly examine and report on the arms, accoutrements, and ammunition received from England on the Bosworth.
The board’s inspection of the 300 rifles, ammunition, and accessories confirmed that the consignment was accurate and satisfactory. However, it was noted that one keg of rifle ammunition, containing 700 rounds and caps, was missing, presumably lost during transit. The ship’s agent reimbursed the government for the missing keg with a cheque of £3.9.6. (2024 NZD $1067.55) [22]
Upon inspecting the carbines, accoutrements, and ammunition, the board noted that in comparison to a consignment of 20 Terry’s Breech-loading carbines received from Sydney on the Kate on 8 May 1860, the carbines received from England, while serviceable, were of somewhat inferior quality. Nevertheless, they met the requirements for inspection. The ammunition was deemed suitable; however, it was observed that the inserts in the pouches designed for fitting cartridges were too small to accommodate the carbine ammunition adequately. Though still functional, they would require modification for optimal use.[23]
African Shipment
As the Bosworth was midway through its voyage, preparations were underway to dispatch the first batch of rifles from the second requisition. On 21 December 1860, General Hay reported that 720 rifles had undergone testing and met the required standards; thus, they were accepted. The consignment, packed into 105 cases, was scheduled for shipment on the vessel African. It included additional stores and accoutrements for 1000 rifles and 300 carbines.:
720 Rifles General Hay Pattern
720 Bayonets
1000 Bayonet Scabbards
1000 Muzzle Stoppers
Extras for 1000 Rifles
100 Lock Vice Nipple Keys
100 Jags
1000 Nipples
100 Snap Caps
500 Snap Cap leather
100 Muzzle Stoppers
Rifle Accoutrements
1000 Black waxed Leather Pouches – 50 rounds
1000 Black waxed Leather Pouch Belts
1000 Black waxed Leather waist Belts
1000 Black waxed frogs
1000 Black waxed Ball bags and Oil Bottles
1000 Black waxed Leather Cap Pockets
1000 Black waxed Leather Gun Slings
300 Cavalry Swords, Steel Moulded with Steel Scabbard
Cavalry Accoutrements
300 Patent Leather pouches – 20 Rounds
300 Buff Leather Pouch Belt
300 Buff Leather Carbine Swivel Heads and carriages
Scheduled to depart from Gravesend on 2 January 1861, the African encountered delays due to being icebound in St. Katherine’s Dock. Consequently, its departure was postponed until 8 February, arriving in Auckland on 7 June 1861. Alongside the transportation of New Zealand Arms and Accoutrements, the African also accommodated two officers from the 57th Regiment of Foot and a contingent of logistics personnel destined for New Zealand as part of the Imperial reinforcements. This contingent included Deputy Assistant Commissary General Innes, five Commissariat officers and their families, two members of the Armourers Corps, five Royal Artillery Conductors, two Stores Clerks, and one Purveyor’s Clerk.
Waterlily Shipment
Departing London on 11 February 1861 and arriving in Auckland on 18 June, the Schooner Waterlily carried the following items ordered on the second requisition.
100 Best Plain Adams Revolvers with all the latest improvements, 54 Guage
Beaumont-Adams with stock. Puke Ariki Accession number A73.333
A flat rectangular wooden case for an Adams patent revolver. The case is lined with green felt and contains the revolver, a wooden skeleton stock, a cleaning rod, two bags of bullets and a wooden percussion cap phial. Puke Ariki Accession number A73.334
Broadwater Shipment
On 4 January 1861, General Hay reported that 303 Rifles had been tested, with 21 rifles rejected, prompting a reduction of the consignment to 280 rifles to avoid having a partial box of 2 rifles. This batch of 280 completed the rifle order for the second requisition. Added to this was an additional batch of 290 rifles of the third requisition, which had also been tested and passed, making a total consignment of 570 rifles for dispatch on the Broadwater. The total consignment consisted of:
After departing Gravesend on 3 April and a voyage of 114 days, the Broadwater arrived in Auckland on 29 July.
Northumberland Shipment
Following the final acceptance tests by General Hay of the final batches of Rifles and Carbines, the consignment was prepared and included spare parts for the entire 3000 rifles and 300 Carbines supplied. Packed into 98 cases, the consignment consisted of:
710 Rifles General Hay Pattern
710 Bayonets
Extras for 1000 Rifles
100 Lock Vice Nipple Keys
100 Jags
1000 Nipples
100 Snap Caps
500 Snap Cap leather
Extras for 3000 Rifles
15 Rough Stock15 Stocks complete15 Sights60 Finished Hammers60 Hammers in the rough90 Tumbler Pins60 Main Springs60 Sears30 Forged Main Springs60 Sear Springs30 Tumblers15 Bridles60 Left Lock Pins60 Lock Swivels30 Left Bands60 Left Nail30 Rammers30 Bayonets60 Bayonet Rings9 Guards in the rough15 Trigger Plates30 Trigger Plates30 Butt Swivels30 Band Swivels30 Hammer Springs45 Sets Wood Screws
150 Light slides
300 Cavalry Carbines Rifled sighted to 300 yards, to pattern selected by General Hay
Extras for 300 Carbines
30 Cramp Keys300 Nipples30 Jags30 Snap caps30 Muzzle stoppers150 Snap Cap Leather2 Finished Stocks2 Sights5 Hammers10 Hammers in the rough10 Tumbler Pins5 Sets Wood Screes8 Main Springs4 Main Springs in the rough8 Sear Springs8 Sears3 Tumblers2 Bridles8 Sets lock Pins10 Lock Swivels3 Bands5 Rammers5 Rammer Springs1 Guard and 2 Trigger Plates4 Triggers3 Slide Bars10 Rings for Bars
This shipment, delivering the final items of the three requisitions initiated in June 1859, departed London on 10 May 1861 on the vessel Northumberland, arriving in Auckland on 13 September 1861.
As with other shipments, on 19 October, Balneavis assembled a board consisting of Captain Campbell, the Adjutant of the 1st Battalion Auckland Militia and Captain Wilson, the Adjutant of the 2nd Battalion Auckland Militia, to examine and report on the stores landed from the Northumberland. Their report concluded that the consignment was of sound and serviceable quality and that the rifles and Carbines received bore the same as rifles received in previous shipments.[28]
Cost
As detailed in Table One, the aggregate expenditure for all arms and accoutrements procured from Hebbert and Co amounted to £22,272.16.1 (equivalent to 2024 NZD $6,797,770.77). While existing appropriations covered the expenses for the prize pistols, the remaining costs for arms and accoutrements were charged against the 1860 War Loan.
Table One: Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition procured from Hebbert and Co
Given New Zealand’s constrained revenue, the government found the Taranaki conflict financially challenging. Consequently, in September 1860, a War Loan of £150,000 (2024 NZD $46,765,267.07) was raised to address expenses associated with the conflict, encompassing costs incurred from 1857 up to September 1860.[29]
Table Two: Expenditure on Arms, Accoutrements and Ammunition against the 1860 War Loan
Distribution
Since assuming the role of Deputy Adjutant General, Balneavis faced a significant challenge due to his lack of comprehensive information on the total inventory of arms belonging to the New Zealand government and their distribution. However, by September 1860, returns from the districts detailed in Table 3 revealed that 3,417 arms of various types were distributed across all districts.[31]
Table 3 – Distribution of Arms belonging to the Government of New Zealand, 1 September 1860
With this information in hand, Balneavis could confirm the following:
Militia units were adequately equipped.
Volunteer Cavalry in the Auckland Province were armed with revolvers, breech-loading rifles, and swords.
Volunteer Rifle Corps in Auckland and Taranaki were also equipped.
Apart from the Auckland and Taranaki units listed above, no other Volunteer Corps across New Zealand were armed.
Approximately 550 rounds of ball ammunition were available for every rifle in use, with Taranaki and Wellington holding stock of 2000 rounds each.
There was a much larger supply of percussion ammunition for every musket in use.
This information empowered Balneavis to prioritise the redistribution of arms between military and volunteer units, thus expediting the dispatch of new arms upon their arrival from England. With the arrival of the Tawera, Sevilla, and Bosworth, Balneavis issued instructions on 6 and 8 March 1861 to redistribute arms.
200 1856 Pattern (Sword) Short Rifle in use by the Auckland Rifle Volunteers be issued to the different sergeants of all volunteer corps and those remaining to Bands
100 Enfield Pattern 53 Rifles in use by the Auckland Rifle Volunteers be issued to the 1st Battalion Auckland Militia
300 Hay Pattern Rifles to be issued to the Auckland Rifle Volunteers
200 Hay Pattern Rifles be issued to the two companies of Onehunga Volunteers
100 Hay Pattern Rifles be issued to the Southern Rifle Volunteers
Hay Pattern Rifles be issued to the Auckland Coast Guard Volunteers (No Qty Provided)
As many of the Enfield Pattern 53 Rifles and Enfield Pattern 1839/Pattern 1842 Muskets in possession of the Onehunga Volunteers that Lieutenant Colonel Kenny can spare be returned to the Store in Auckland
All further shipments of Hay Pattern Rifles be prioritised for the issue to Southern Volunteer units
In the 19th century, New Zealand’s military logistics history was characterised by strategic foresight, administrative hurdles, and coordination efforts amidst rising tensions and conflicts between settlers and Māori. A significant turning point came with the implementation of the Militia Act of 1858, which led to extensive requisitions for arms, ammunition, and equipment from Hebbert and Co., a military outfitter based in London. Lord Panmura’s directive in 1855, placing constraints on the provision of British military stores to colonial forces, prompted New Zealand to develop a requisition program that relied less on British sources. This initiative, initiated in 1859 and expanded in 1860, aimed to outfit New Zealand’s growing militia and volunteer forces while adhering to the latest standards of the British Army as closely as possible.
The initial requisition in June 1859 marked the beginning of efforts to enhance the colony’s defensive capabilities, with subsequent requisitions driven by evolving strategic needs and logistical deficiencies. The introduction of modern Hays rifles and Calisher and Terry carbines showcased the planning and resource allocation required within a colonial context. Despite delays in production and transportation, the procurement process persisted, facilitated by the dedication of individuals like Lieutenant Colonel Balneavis and his team, who conducted the logistics preparation and organisational tasks, including inspection, marking, alteration and distribution of arms and equipment. The distribution of arms among militia and volunteer units was prioritised based on strategic considerations and the availability of existing inventory. Additionally, financial constraints necessitated raising a War Loan to address expenses associated with the Taranaki conflict and arms procurement.
The lessons from this historical chapter resonate with military logisticians’ enduring challenges, emphasising the significance of strategic foresight, administrative efficiency, and resource management in ensuring operational readiness. As New Zealand navigated the complexities of colonial defence, its military logistics history is a testament to the enduring relevance of effective logistical planning and execution in military operations.
[2] Under-Secretary William Gisborne, Commission for Captain Balneavis as Deputy Adjutant General, Archives New Zealand Item Id r24487365 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1859).
[3] It remains unclear whether the 500 Flint muskets mentioned were intended for all the militias (Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, and Taranaki) or solely for the Auckland Militia.
[4] Major of Brigade, Arms and Ammunition Issued for New Plymouth Militia Are to Be Paid For, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24118692 (New Zealand Archives, 1858).
[5] Notice to Foreign Stations from War Department, 19 April 1856 ibid.
[6] It is probable that these prize pistols were for awarded for service associated with the Battle of Waireka on 28 March 1860. Hayden Hughes, “The Adams Percussion Revolver in New Zealand Wars.”
[7] Captain Balneavis, Requesting to Be Allowed Another Assistant to Keep Arms in Order, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24099683 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1858).
[8] “Report of the Audit Committee of 1861,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1861 Session I, B-01a (1861).
[9] “Nominal Return of All Officers in the Employ of the Governmant: Their Duties, Salaries, Location and Dates of Appointment,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1866 Session I, D-03 (1866): 12.
[10] “Reductions in Civil Service,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1888 Session I, H-30, 11 May 1888.
[11] Deputy Adjutant General to Colonial Secretary, Authority to employ Arms Cleaners 5 December 1861. F.D Fell, “To Forward Return of Arms Issued and in Store,” Archives New Zealand Item No R24075932 (1861).
[12] Deputy Adjutant-General, “Authority to Mark Arms Received from England,” ibid.
[14] Probable recipients were Beaumont Adams Patent: No 36204R “Presented by the N.Z. Government to John Phillips for gallantry at Taranaki AD 1860” – (Puke Ariki Collection)
Beaumont Adams Patent: No 26174 “Presented by the N.Z. Government to James Ball for gallant conduct in the field at Taranaki, AD 1860” – (Puke Ariki Collection)
Beaumont Adams Patent: No 34367R “Presented by the N.Z. Government to member Frank Mace of the Taranaki Rifle Volunteers for gallantry in the field on 28 March 1860 at Waireka, New Plymouth, Taranaki.” – (Puke Ariki Collection)
Beaumont Adams Patent: No 33550R “Presented by the N.Z. Government to member Charles Messenger of the Taranaki Rifle Volunteers for gallantry in the field on 28 March 1860 at Waireka, New Plymouth, and Taranaki.” – (Puke Ariki Collection)
Beaumont Adams Patent: No 36203R “Presented by the N.Z. Government to Robert Old for gallant conduct in the field at Taranaki, AD 1860” (Auckland War Museum)
Beaumont Adams Patent: No ?????: “Presented by the N.Z. Government to member Edward Messenger of the Taranaki Rifle Volunteers for gallantry in the field on 28 March 1860 at Waireka, New Plymouth, Taranaki.” (Location unknown) Terry Shattock, 26 February 2024. “Taranaki,” Wellington Independent, Volume XVII, Issue 1740, 15 July 1862.
[15] Hebbert and Co Invoice Sevilla 20 September 1860, Acknowledging Instructions to Pay Hebbert and Company.
[16] Gilfillan and Co, Have Ordered Carbines Etc from Sydney, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24487421 (New Zealand Archives, 1860).
[17] Deputy Adjutant General, Proceedings of a Board ‘Sevilla’, 310 Rifles, 180 Frogs, 340 Sets Accoutrements, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488115 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[18]Proceedings of a Board ‘Sevilla’, 5 Condemmed, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488054 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[19]Proceedings of a Board ‘Sevilla’, 45 Breech-Loading Carbines, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488117 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[20] Hebbert and Co Invoice Bosworth 10 October 1860. Acknowledging Instructions to Pay Hebbert and Company.
[21] Letter Gilfillan to Colonial Secretary 4 March 1861. John Alexander Gilfillan, Received Arms for the Govt by the “Bosworth”, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24131367 (New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[22] Deputy Adjutant General, Proceedings of a Board ‘Bosworth’, 300 Rifles,, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488116 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[23]Proceedings of a Board “Bosworth’, 35 Breech Loading Carbines, Ammunition, Accoutrements, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488114 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1861).
[24] Hebbert and Co Invoice African 31 December 1860. Acknowledging Instructions to Pay Hebbert and Company.
[25] Hebbert and Co Invoice Waterlily 13 January 1861. Ibid.
[26] Hebbert and Co Invoice Broadwater 19 March 1861. Ibid.
[27] Hebbert and Co Invoice Northumberland 22 April 1861. Ibid.
[28] Proceedings of a Board ‘Northumberland’ 710 Rifles, 300 Carbines ibid.
[29] “Return of the Amount Expended out of the War Loan of 150000 from 1 October 1860 to 12 June 1861,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1861 Session I, B-05 (1861).
[30] “Return of the Amount Expended out of the War Loan of 150000 from 13th June 1861 to 31st March 1862,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1862 Session I, B-04 (1862).
[31]Schedule of Accounts and Papers Laid Upon the Table – Arms and Ammunition, a Return Showing the Distribution of Arms Belonging to the Government of New Zealand, Archives New Zealand Item Id r17684521 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1860).
[32] Deputy Adjutant General, Distribution of Rifles and Carbines, Archives New Zealand Item Id R24488026 (New Zealand Archives, 1861).
In the historical tapestry of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC), 1972 is a pivotal year, marking twenty-two years since New Zealand’s initial involvement in combat operations in South Korea. The nation continued actively participating in conflicts such as the Malayan Emergency, the Indonesian Confrontation, and the South Vietnam War. Throughout this period, New Zealand maintained a robust part-time territorial army sustained by Compulsory Military Training, all aimed at creating a versatile, all-arms Combat Brigade Group.
However, 1972 marked a turning point. It witnessed the conclusion of Compulsory Military Training, resulting in a reduction in the Territorial Force and its transformation into a volunteer force. Concurrently, with the conclusion of New Zealand’s commitment to the Vietnam War, the country entered a phase marked by individual engagements in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, a eighty-day mission to Rhodesia, the establishment of a permanent peace monitoring force in the Sinai, and participation in exercises both in New Zealand and overseas. This era ushered in a period of peace for the New Zealand Army, with nearly two decades passing before the RNZAOC would deploy a unit into a combat environment once again.
As 1972 concluded and the New Zealand Army and the RNZAOC entered this new era, they did so with a cadre of well-trained and experienced warrant and non-commissioned officers. This article will delve into the RNZAOC Regular Officer Cadre of 1972, as documented in the New Zealand Army Graduation List Regular Officer of 31 Oct 1972.
The RNZAOC of 1972 consisted of around 350 Regular and Territorial Officers and Other Ranks, including Storeman Clerks, Ammunition Technicians, Auto Parts, Footwear Repairers, Motor Trimmers, Tailors, and Clerks across numerous units, including.
Main Ordnance Depot, Trentham
RNZAOC School, Trentham
1 Central Ordnance Depot, Hopuhopu
2 Central Ordnance Depot, Linton
3 Central Ordnance Depot, Burnham
1 Composite Ordnance Depot, Mangaroa
5 Advanced Ordnance Depot, Singapore
Workshops Stores Section in RNZEME Workshops’
As Staff in various Headquarters
At this stage, female soldiers belonged to the New Zealand Woman’s Royal Army Corps (NZWRAC), with many posted to RNZAOC units as integral members of those units.
The Graduation List Regular Officer is divided into three Parts.
Part 1 – Regular Officers
Part 2 – Regular Quartermaster Officers
Part 3 – Supernumerary List
Part 1 – RNZAOC Regular Officers
Lieutenant Colonels
Clifford Leaman Sanderson, psc
Geoffrey John Hayes Atkinson, MBE, M Inst PS
Majors
John Barrie Glasson, (T/Lt-Col 1 Jan 71)
Malcolm John Ross, psc (T/Lt-Col 20 Oct 72)
Captains
Arthur John Campbell, ANZIM, psc (T/Maj 1 Aug 68)
Piers Martin Reid, (T/Maj 1 Feb 69)
Michael Dawney Hunt, ANZIM (T/Maj 1 Feb 69)
Terence David McBeth, (T/Maj 1 Nov 69)
Ian Geoffrey Ross
Ronald Leslie Cross, psc (T/Maj 21 Jun 70)
Gary Malcolm Corkin
John Andrew Henderson
John Robert Hicks
David John Rees
Michael Joseph Cooper
Terence John Verrall
Lieutenants
Maxwell Frederick Newnham, (T/Capt 7 Mar 70)
Patrick Te Tahuri Puohotaua
Michael Alexender Cowan
John Francis Hyde, (T/Capt 1 Apr 71)
Kevin John Dreyer, (T/Capt 22 Jun 72)
Paul Edwin Dangerfield
Keith David Hansen
Mark David Stuart, BA (mil)
Peter Martin O’Brien
Grant William Blackburn
Second Lieutenants
Noel Anthony Hitchings
Allan Charles Lash
Part 2 – RNZAOC Quartermaster List
Captains and Quartermasters
William Maxwell Campbell, (T/Maj & QM 1 Aug 68)
Patrick George Burns, (T/Maj & QM 25 Apr 69)
David Ralph Hughes, T/Maj & QM 3 Jun 70)
Keith Alexander Watson
Ian Roy Larsen
Alan Paul Bezar
Lieutenants and Quartermasters
Donald Winter Stewart, (T/Capt & QM 22 Feb 71)
Hector Searle McLachlan, (T/Capt & QM 1 May 71)
Godfrey Edward Lee, (T/Capt & am 5 Apr 71)
Stewart McDonald Fussell, (T/Capt & QM 5 Apr 71)
John Edward Hancox, (T/Capt & QM 1 Jul 70)
Edward Vennell Sweet, (T/Capt & QM 11 Aug 71)
Alfred Stephenson Day, (T/Capt & QM 3 Sep 71)
James William Twist
Part 3 – RNZAOC Supernumerary List
Majors
Ronald George Henderson Golightly
Captains
Carleton Robert Duggan, (T/Maj & QM 14 Sep 68)
George Edward Butler, (QM) (T/Maj & QM 4 Aug 69)
Statistics on the RNZAOC 1972 Officers List
Duntroon Graduates- 1
Portsea Graduates -10
RF Cadets – 2
Served in other Corps before joining RNZAOC – 7
Operational Service
WW2 – 4
J Force – 2
K Force – 2
Malaya – 6
Vietnam – 15
Service and Age
1972 Average age – 36 years
Average age on leaving RNZAOC – 44 years.
Over 20 years of RNZAOC Service – 27
Cumulative amount of RNZAOC Service – 880 Years
Shortest Service in RNZAOC – 2 Years
Longest Service in RNZAOC – 36 Years
Average length of NZ Army Service – 62 Years
Average length of RNZAOC Service – 59 Years
Appointments
Chief of General Staff- 1
Director of Ordnance Services – 7
Chief Instructor RNZAO School – 8
Chief Ammunition Technical Officer – 3
Colonel-Commandant – 2
In 1972, the RNZAOC entered a transformative period, marked by changes in training, force structure, and the cessation of its involvement in the Vietnam War. The graduation list reflects a diverse group of officers, well-versed in various aspects of military service. As the RNZAOC transitioned into a new era characterised by peacekeeping missions and operational diversification, the officers of 1972 carried with them a wealth of experience and training, setting the stage for the Corps’ future endeavours. The statistical overview provides insights into the officers’ backgrounds, service history, and appointments, highlighting the depth of expertise within the RNZAOC during this pivotal time.
As the Regular Force Cadet Schools prepare to celebrate their 75th anniversary during the weekend of 10 – 12 November 2023, it’s time to acknowledge the 240 Regular Force Cadets (RF Cadets) who, upon graduating, served in the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (RNZAOC).
Between 1948 and 1991, over 5,000 young New Zealanders undertook an extraordinary journey. Year after year, an average of 120 individuals entered the renowned Regular Force Cadet School, affectionately known as the “Club.” But here is the catch – less than 3% of those who aspired to join this elite institution met the stringent criteria. This institution welcomed recruits as young as 15, offering them a path into the military and a gateway to continued education, trade training, and apprenticeships.
These cadets, after reaching the age of 18, went on to play a pivotal role in the New Zealand Army, serving with distinction in various conflict zones worldwide, including Korea, Borneo, Malaya, Vietnam, Somalia, Bosnia, Timor-Leste and Afghanistan. Most notably, they served as Senior Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), the backbone of the New Zealand Army. Some even rose to earn commissions as officers, while others assumed essential roles across the New Zealand Army, including 239 who graduated into the RNZAOC.
Roll of RF Cadets who served in the the RNZAOC
This roll showcases the 240 RF Cadets who graduated and went on to join the RNZAOC. Additionally, it is essential to note that this list also includes RF Cadets who initially graduated into different corps but later transitioned to the RNZAOC, where they continued their military careers.
1954 Young Class
Brian Lewis Crafts
1955 Shuttleworth Class
Alan R Ferguson
Ronald Leslie Cross
1957 Puttick Class
Bryan Noel Lichtwark
Derek John Keen
1958 Weir Class
Manuao Kauahia Harry Hemana
John Sydney Holley
1959 Kippenburger Class
Brian Micheal Colbourne
1960 Russell Class
Lance Justice Brown
1961 Stewart Class
Te Ra Nui Paenga
1963 Bennett Class
Michael Thomas Dance
Joseph Seymour Bolton
Kevin Matthew Boggs
Ross Alan Bird
D M Bird
1964 Parkinson Class
William L Arlidge
Robin Newland Turner
1965 Barrowclough Class
Paul Edwin Dangerfield
James Harvey
William Johnson
Kevin Anthony Joyce
Kevin James Moore
Paul Frederick Nielsen
1966 Andrew Class
Keith John Boxall
John Francis Cannell
Phillip Baudinet Moore
Warren Gerrard Varney
R J Webster
1967 Crump Class
Peter Francis Davies
Robert J Isles
Allan Edward Martin
M J Mclean
Wayne B Myers
Francis Joseph Ryan
Stewart R Seymour
John Allen Shaw
1968 Ardagh Class
Ronald Noel Bisset
Paul Henry Heath
Stuart Douglas Hopkins
Glenn Alan Mccullough
Douglas Mclean
Michael Joseph Norgren
Michael Joseph O’Brien
Terrance Geoffrey Sharpe
1969 Weir Class
Evan Ross Davidson
Tamafaiga Jensen
Edwin Donald Lee
Peter William Mason
S P Neels
Anthony John Walker
1970 Ngarimu Class
Joseph Miki Hori Clarke
M A Corbett
Anthony Brent Jobson
Gregory Laurence Leslie
James Thomas O’Brien
Frederick Edwin Phillips
Talaga Poka
Derek Francis Prescott
B J Taylor
Tony Webb
Grant Russell Wilson
1971 Upham Class
William Ross Cooper
Daniel John Bleasdale
Barry Philip Boyes
Graeme Maurice Langley
John Cornelius Lee
Barry Lepper
Wayne Ronald Little
Noel Charles Guthrie Mason
Gregory James Meyers
Ramon John Morrison
Steven Craig Newland
David Martin O’Shea
Larry Kenneth Porter
Colin George Scott
1972 Dittmer Class
Nigel Stewart Anderson
Andrew Paul Bowring
Stephen James Driver
David John Hill
James Harry Mcculloch
William Alexander Scobie
Peter Allan Searle
Murray John Smith
Paul James Kelly Tocker
Paul Sydney Witehira
1973 Hanson Class
William Gary Anderson
Stephen Geoffrey Crichton
Mark Toke Heemi
Graeme Douglas Joseph Keown
David Wayne Knebel
Neville Austin Lush
Keith John Perry
1974 Burrows Class
Robert James Easton
Eamon Francis Fitzpatrick
R Havill
Phillip Esmond Holland
Stuart Frazer Mcintosh
Mark Melville Robinson
1975 Thornton Class
Wayne Trevor Bray
Peter John Finn
Selwyn Austin Gooch
Ian Trevor Jackson
Paul Raymond Jensen
Barry Charles Kearney
Warwick Alexander Thomas
1976 Morrison Class
Craig Murray Ballard
Michael Paul Ballinger
Timothy Edward Gibbons
Martin Phillip Lawrence
Anthony Gordon Orchard
Kevin Samuel Prosser
Kevin John Riesterer
Roger Eric Rolston
Anthony Paul Simpson
Russell William Taylor
Robert Gordon Trundle
Terrance Frederick Walsh
1977 Page Class
Colin James Thomas
William Wayne Pollard
Lawrence David Murch
Barrie Robert James Law
Richard George Fisher
1978 Hudson Class
Terence William Shattock
Keith James Pittams
Erick David Jack
William Holland Crosbie
Stephen William Corkran
Lance Richard Cleeve
Wayne Peter Boustridge
Richard Harry Ball
1979 McKinnon Class
Peter Francis Welsh
Murray Raymond Lee
Antoni Charles Leatherby
Tony John Harding
Adrian Laurence Coombe
David Raymon Pride Collins
Russell Murray Clark
Michael John Butler
Hemi Biddle
Graham Thomas Behrent
1980 Elliot Class
Mark Milner Wilson
Michael Alan Turner
Paul George Topia
David John Te Tairi
Kevin Mark Swanson
Stwven Gregory Morgan
Brian Keith Gillies
Charlton Blair Gawler
Adrian Michael Gallichan
Tony Patrick Flynn
Ross Charles Fearon
Mathew Gordon Lacey Crossan
David Charles Cossey
Gary Keith Carver
Gary John Blade
1981 Morris Class
Michael Stewart Wishart
Andrew Arthur Welsh
Stephen Charles Rose
Mark Anthony Pihema
Tony Ernest Norris
Nigle Richard Nacdonald
Steven William Mcrae
Neil James Kearns
Philip Leslie Innes
Shayne Michael Gray
1982 Firth Class
Steven Deane Tait
Scott William Moses
David Ringi Henry
Andrew Grant Curtis
Jose Ashley Cooper
John William Coleman
Michael David John Clements
Richard Bruce Burnett
Lyndsay Roe Bray
1983 Rennie Class
David George Alexander
Stephen Terry Brougham
Timothy Charles Clarke
John Christopher Flanagan
Bruce Raymond Ford
Michael John Kareko
Andrew David Stephens
Craig Seymour Trillo
Geoffery Kenneth Walker
1984 Webb Class
Anthony Russell Barnett
John Patarana Brown
Shayne Turei Browne
Paul Robert Corke
Tony John Garthwaite
Grant Maui Hohua
Michael Phillip Moran
Jefferson Craig Sharp
Paul Ian Woodward
1985 Pearce Class
Dean William Brown
Nicholas Paul Mannix
David Michael Mcintosh
William Michael Twiss
Evert Hendrik Van Barneveld
Gerald Gordon Leslie Wineera
1986 Thorpe Class
Selwyn Lloyd Bennett
Bevan Gerling
Andrew James Keith
Brett David Orme
David Murray Verney
Andrew Gordon True
1987- Taylor Class
Mark William Birdsall
Matthew Philip Coddington
Paul Ian Dolden
Matthew James Dyson
David James Howorth
1988 Hasset Class
Paul William Alexander
Michael Ivan Francis Archer
David John Hill
Thomas Edwin Hoeft
Mike Colin Hollway
Andrew William Johnson
Stewart Evan Jones
Keith Richard Lewis
Leslie Joseph Peachy
John Richard Peel
Darcy Hereward Smith
Mark Robert Wilson
Jason Ernest Woods
1989 Taylor Class
Craig Robert Bennett
Daniel James Bocock
Bryce Paul Knight
Arron Vaughan Matthews
Robert Ryan Mckenzie
Jason Robin Peterken
Kevin Arthur George Purnell
Wayne Edward Simeon
Aaron Neil Smith
Sean Campbell Stewart
Shane Kylie Wills
1990 Burrows Class
• Shane Brian Baird
1991 Monks Class
Vernon Jason Andrews
Phillip Anthony Tioke
Jason Victor Wise
1991 Williams Class
Kylie Maree Craig
Mark Andrew Hanson
In 1991, a significant turning point marked the closure of the Regular Force Cadet School. The end of the Cold War and evolving interpretations of international conventions concerning the use of child soldiers played a pivotal role in this decision. While the “Club” is no more, its impact and the individuals it nurtured continue to leave an indelible mark on the New Zealand Army and society.
