NEW ZEALAND ARMY – 1956

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In 1955, the New Zealand Army found itself poised for significant transformation. The eruption of the Korean War and the escalating conflict in Malaysia compelled New Zealand to reassess its military strategy. Structured and equipped to provide an Expeditionary Force centred around a division supporting British forces in the Middle East, the evolving political situation in Asia placed the army on the cusp of a paradigm shift. This strategic shift redirected the focus of deployment from the Middle East to Southeast Asia, marking a crucial juncture in the army’s trajectory. [1] This article provides insights into the organisational and equipment state of the New Zealand Army of 1956 as it pivoted towards service in Asia.

Command and Control

Chief of the General Staff – Major-General C. E. Weir, CE., CBE., DSO.

Vice-Chief of the General Staff – Brigadier R. C. Queree, CBE., DS0.

Adjutant-General – Brigadier L. W. Thornton, OBE.

Quartermaster-General – Brigadier J. R. Page, CBE., DSO.

Strength

Regular Force

  • Authorised Strength – 4200
  • Actual Strength
    • Officers:          552
    • Other Ranks:   3276
    • Total:               3828

Territorial Force

NZ Army 3 Pl HB Regiment, 19th intake, Linton Military Camp, February 1956. Crown Studios Ltd :Negatives and prints. Ref: 1/1-033934-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22364964

Under the Compulsory Military Training Act of 1949, all males, whether European or Māori, became liable for military service upon reaching 18 years of age. Trainees had to undergo 14 weeks of intensive, full-time training, three years of part-time service, and six years in the Army Reserve. By 31 March 1956, 50,846 men had been trained under this scheme. The strength of the Territorial Force in 1956 was:

  • Officers:         
    • 1440
  • Other Ranks:  
    • 25846 – Effective Strength
    • 10065 – Completed whole-time training available for part-time training from 1 April 1956
    • 1760 – Held on strength but not available for training
    • Total                37671

School Cadet Corps

School Cadet Units were maintained at schools and were voluntarily for male students aged 14 to 18. In 1956, 807 officers and 38,032 cadets served in 140 secondary school cadet units.[2]

Organisation

Except for units of the NZ Cadet Corps, the following units comprised the New Zealand Army, which was organised into Army Troops, District Troops and the New Zealand Division:[3]

Army Troops

  • Army Headquarters
  • The Army Schools
  • Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps Depot RNZAC.
  • Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals Depot.
  • School of Military Engineering, RNZE
  • Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps Depot.
  • Army Headquarters, Wireless Training Troop, RNZ Sigs.
  • Main Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC
  • Small Arms Ammunition Production Proof Office, RNZAOC
  • Inspecting Ordnance Officer Group, RNZAOC
  • Trentham Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
  • Papakura Camp Hospital, RNZAMC
  • Waiouru Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
  • Linton Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
  • Burnham Camp Hospital, RNZAMC.
  • Army Headquarters, Dental Section, RNZDC
  • Whenuapai Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Hobsonville Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Ohakea Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Woodbourne Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Wigram Dental Section, RNZDC
  •  Services Corrective Establishment.

District Troops

  • Headquarters, Northern Military District.
    • Headquarters, Area 1, Auckland
    • Headquarters, Area 2, Tauranga.
    • Headquarters, Area 3, Whangarei.
    • Headquarters, Area 4, Hamilton.
    • Narrow Neck Camp (.(Incl Fort Cautley).
      • 9th Coast Regiment, RNZA
      • 9th Coast Regiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
    • Papakura Camp.
      • Northern District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
      • Papakura Dental Section, RNZDC
      • Northern District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC.
    • Waikato Camp.
      • Northern District Company, RNZASC.
      • Northern District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
      • Northern District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
      • Northern District Ammunition Depot, RNZAOC
      • Northern District Ammunition Repair Depot, RNZAOC
      • Northern District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC
      • Northern District Workshop, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, Central Military District.
    • Headquarters, Area 5, Wellington.
    • Headquarters, Area 6, Wanganui.
    • Headquarters, Area 7, Napier.
    • Headquarters, Area 8, New Plymouth.
  • Waiouru Camp.
    • Central District Workshop (Waiouru), RNZEME.
    • Waiouru Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Linton Camp.
    • Central District Training Depot.
    • Central District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
    • Central District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
    • Central District Company, RNZASC.
    • Central District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
    • Central District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC.
    • Central District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC.
Army Personnel wearing Medals, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North
Attribution + NonCommercial
https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/246a3281-6b19-423a-9fed-00cf6de767a1
  • Trentham Camp.
    • Central District Ammunition Depot, ‘RNZAOC
    • Central District Ammunition Repair Depot, RNZAOC.
    • Central District Mechanical Transport Workshop (Trentham) RNZEME.
    • Central District Armament and General Workshop (Trentham), RNZEME.
    • 2nd General Hospital, RNZAMC
    • Trentham Dental Section, RNZDC.
  • Fort Dorset Base Camp
    • 10th  Coast Regiment, RNZA.
    • 10th CoastRegiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
  • Headquarters, Southern Military District,
    • Headquarters, Area 9, Nelson.
    • Headquarters, Area 10, Christchurch.
    • Headquarters, Area 11, Dunedin.
    • Headquarters, Area 12, Invercargill.
    • Burnham Camp
      • 11th Coast Regiment, RNZA.
      • 11th Coast Regiment Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs
      • Southern District Construction Squadron, RNZE.
      • Southern District Signal Troop, RNZ Sigs.
      • Southern District Company, RNZASC.
      • Otago University Medical Company, RNZAMC.(Dunedin)
      • Southern District Ordnance Depot, RNZAOC.
      • Southern District Ammunition Depot, RNZAOC.
      • Southern District Ammunition Repair Depot, RNZAOC.
      • Southern District Vehicle Depot, RNZAOC.
      • Southern District Mechanical Transport Workshop (Burnham), RNZEME.
      • Southern District Armament and General Workshop (Burnham), RNZEME.
      • Burnham Dental Section, RNZDC.
      • Southern District Army Education and Welfare Service, NZAEC

New Zealand Division

  • Headquarters, New Zealand Division.
    • Headquarters, New Zealand Division Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, RNZA, New Zealand Division.
    • 1st Field Regiment, RNZA.
      • 1st Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 2nd Field Regiment, RNZA.
      • 2nd Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 3rd Field Regiment, RNZA.
      • 3rd Field Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 4th Medium Regiment, RNZA.
      • 4th Medium Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 5th Light Regiment, RNZA.
      • 5th Light Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 6th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RNZA.
      • 6th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 12th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RNZA.
      • 12th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment Workshop, RNZEME.
    • 1st Locating Battery, RNZA.
  • Headquarters, 1st Infantry Brigade.
    • 1st Battalion, The Northland Regiment, RNZ Inf.
    • 1st Battalion, The Auckland Regiment (Countess of Ranfurly’s Own) RNZ Inf.
    • 1st Battalion, The Hauraki Regiment, RNZ Inf.
    • Headquarters, 1st Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, 2nd Infantry Brigade.
    • 1st Battalion, The Wellington Regiment (City of Wellington’s Own)RNZ Inf.
    • 1st Battalion, The Wellington West Coast and Taranaki Regiment. RNZ Inf.
    • 1st Battalion, The Hawkes Bay Regiment. RNZ Inf.
    • Headquarters, 2nd Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, 3rd Infantry Brigade.
    • 1st Battalion, The Nelson, Marlborough, and West Coast Regiment, RNZ Inf.1st Battalion, The Canterbury Regiment RNZ Inf.1st Battalion, The Otago and Southland Regiment, RNZ Inf.
    • Headquarters, 3rd Infantry Brigade Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME
  • Headquarters, 4th Armoured Brigade.
    • 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato), RNZAC.
      • 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato} Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 4th Armoured Regiment (Wellington and  East Coast), RNZAC.
      • 4th Armoured Regiment (Wellington and East Coast) Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 1st Armoured Car Regiment (New Zealand Scottish), RNZAC.
      • 1st Armoured Car Regiment ,(New Zealand Scottish) Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, RNZE, New Zealand Division
    • 1st Field Engineer Regiment, RNZE.
      • 1st Field Engineer Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 4th Field Park Squadron, RNZE.
      • 5th Independent Field Squadron, RNZE
  • 1st Divisional Signal Regiment, RNZ Sigs.
    • 1st Divisional Signal Regiment Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
  • Headquarters, Commander RNZASC, New Zealand Division.
    • 1st Transport Company, RNZASC.
      • 1st Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 4th Transport Company, RNZASC.
      • 4th Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME.
    • 6th Transport Company, RNZASC.
      • 6th Transport Company, RNZASC Light Aid Detachment, RNZEME
    • Headquarters, 21st Supply Company, RNZASC.
    • 1st Supply Platoon, RNZASC.
  • Headquarters, RNZAMC, New Zealand Division.
    • 1st Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
    • 2nd Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
    • 3rd Field Ambulance, RNZAMC.
    • 1st Field Dressing Station, RNZAMC.
    • 1st Casualty Clearing Station, RNZAMC.
    • 1st Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
    • 2nd Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
    • 3rd Field Hygiene Section, RNZAMC.
  • Headquarters, Commander RNZAOCs, New Zealand Division.
    • 1st Divisional Ordnance Field Park, RNZAOC.
Anti Tank Platoon, Special Company, 16th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North
Attribution + NonCommercial
https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/03b0653f-c589-46e5-934e-22b8f6c41763
  • Headquarters, Commander RNZEME, New Zealand Division.
    • 1st Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
    • 2nd Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
    • 3rd Infantry Workshop, RNZEME.
  • 1st Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
  • 2nd Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
  • 3rd Mobile Dental Unit, RNZDC.
  • 1st Divisional Provost Company, RNZ Pro.

Overseas Units

  • New Zealand Army Liaison Staff London
    • New Zealand Army Liaison Staff Melbourne
    • New Zealand Fiji Cadre.
    • Headquarters, New Zealand Kayforce.
      • A Transport Platoon (Korea), RNZASC.
    • The New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron. (Malaya)

Note: Apart from the New Zealand Women’s Army Corps (NZWRAC) depot, there were no standalone NZWRAC units, with all members distributed across units of the NZ Army

Equipment

After the First World War, the New Zealand Army underwent re-equipment, acquiring enough equipment to outfit an Infantry division, Artillery Brigade, and Mounted Rifle Brigade.[4] However, by 1934, much of this equipment had reached the end of its operational life. In line with mechanisation experiments, the first wave of modern uniforms and equipment began to be introduced into New Zealand’s service, including Anti-Aircraft Artillery, Bren Guns, and Universal Carriers from 1938.[5]

The advent of the Second World War saw the comprehensive re-equipment of the New Zealand army. By 1946, it was equipped on par with its peers in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, with the available equipment viewed as sufficient for the immediate post war training purposes.[6]

MMG Platoon, Special Company, 15th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/a97629cc-4f4b-4ad9-9260-811bcf3ef3ec

Between 1946 and 1950, the demand for new or additional equipment was minimal. However, during this time, all remaining pre-war field artillery was replaced with more modern systems developed during the war. Substantial advancements occurred from 1950 onward, including the introduction of new Land Rover 4-wheel-drive vehicles, Centurion tanks, Armoured Cars, and anti-armour weapons, as well as the initial deployment of the Larkspur radio system. However, despite this purchase of a token amount of equipment, much of the army’s World War Two equipment although in service for less than twenty years was facing bulk obsolescence and included the following equipment.

Weapons and Communications Equipment

TypeModelQty (If known)
RiflesLee Enfield No4 Mk1 and Mk1*40000
RiflesLee Enfield No 1 Mk324000
RiflesRifles No 8 Mk3 .22-in 
RiflesX8E1 FN FAL 7.62mm Rifles for troop trials22
PistolsRevolver Smith & Weston No2 .38-inch 
PistolsPistol, Signal No1 Mk3 
Submachine GunSten 9mm Mk 2 & Mk 3 
Machine GunBren. 303-inch 
Machine GunVickers .303-inch 
Machine GunBrowning .30-inch 
Machine GunBESA MK1,2 and 3 
MortarOrdnance SBML two-inch mortar430
MortarOrdnance ML 3-inch mortar 
MortarOrdnance ML 4.2-inch Mortar36
Anti-ArmourM20 Mk2 3.5-inch Rocket Launcher57
Anti-Armour120mm BAT L2 Recoilless Rifle18
Anti-ArmourOrdnance QF 6-pounder 
Anti-ArmourAnti-Tank Grenade No 94 (ENERGA) 
Field ArtilleryOrdnance QF 25-pounder Mk2 
Field ArtilleryBL 5.5-inch (140mm) calibre,  Mk 312
Anti-Aircraft ArtilleryBofors 40 mm L/60 gun396 (most in storage)
Anti-Aircraft ArtilleryQF 3.7-inch Mk3193 (most in storage)
Coast ArtilleryBL 9.2inch Mk XV6
Coast ArtilleryBL 6-inch Mk XXIV3
Coast ArtilleryBL 6-inch Mk XXI6
Coast ArtilleryBL 6-inch Mk VII2
Coast ArtilleryQF 6-Pounder, 10 cwt Twin4
RadarRadar, Anti-Aircraft No 3, Mark 79
Range FinderRange Finder No 12 Mk VII 
RadiosWireless Set No. 19 
RadiosWireless Set No. 22 
RadiosWireless Set No. 31 
RadiosWireless Set No. 33 
RadiosWireless Set No. 38 
RadiosWireless Set No. 48 
RadiosWireless Set No. 52 
RadiosWireless Set No. 53 
RadiosWireless Set No. 62 
RadiosWireless Set No. 88 
RadiosWireless Set No ZC 1 Mk II (NZ) 
MOR Platoon, Special Company, 13th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/bbb5c07a-6cae-443c-affe-6141015ee1a1
Signals Platoon, Special Company, 14th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/4a24b2bf-4bfd-4784-8daf-4efb919b14e6

Vehicles

In 1939, the New Zealand Army inventory of vehicles consisted of.

  • 6 Motorcycles
  • 2 Cars
  • 54 Tracks and tractors

By 1944, this fleet had expanded to 20311 vehicles of all types from the United States, Canada and Great Britain.[7]  Reductions of surplus vehicles due to the war’s end had reduced this holding to 10931 vehicles in 1945. Operational wear and tear and a shortfall in unit maintenance capability further reduced the fleet, necessitating placing most vehicles into regional Vehicle Depots managed by the RNZOAC. Under this system, units maintained a minimum of vehicles for routine activities; however, before an exercise, the unit’s additional vehicle requirement was drawn from the supporting Vehicle Depot.

ModelQty (If known)
Centurion Mk 33
Valentine Mk 3 and V 
Daimler Mk II ‘Dingo’ scout car84
Daimler Mk 2 Armoured Car11
NZ Pattern Wheeled Carrier Mk 2 
Universal LP2A Carrier& 
Motorcycle BSA M20 
Motorcycle Indian Model 741B 
Land-Rover Series 1 80″384
Willys Jeep 
AEC Matador 4×4 artillery tractor 
Bedford MWC 200Gallon Water Cart 
Bedford MWC Ambulance 
Bedford QL GS 
Bedford QLB Light Anti-Aircraft Tractor 
Chevrolet C60 Wireless Truck 
Chevrolet C60L 4 x 4 Wrecker 
Chevrolet C8AX  Compressor 
Chevrolet C8AX Ambulance 
Chevrolet C8AX GS 
Chevrolet C8AX Water Truck 
Chevrolet C8AX Wireless 
Chevrolet Field Artillery Tractor 
Diamond T 968 4-ton 6×6 
Diamond T 969A Recovery 
Diamond T 980 12-ton 6×4 
Federal 6×4+4 20-ton Transporter 
Ford F30 4×4 30-cwt Fire Appliance 
Ford F30 4×4 30-cwt GS 
Ford F30 4×4 30-cwt Tipper 
Ford F30 4×4 30-cwt Wireless 
Ford F61-L LWB Recovery Vehicle/Holmes 
GMC 6×4 CCW Binned Stores 
GMC 6×4 CCW GS 
GMC 6×4 CCW Shower 
GMC 6×4 CCW-353 GS 
GMC 6×4 CCW-353 Tipper 
Guy FPAX 
Leyland Retriever, 6×4  Searchlight 
Leyland Retriever, 6×4 Breakdown Gantry 
Leyland Retriever, 6×4, Machinery, Type A 
Leyland Retriever, 6×4, Machinery, Type Z 
Scammell Pioneer R100 Artillery Tractor 
Scammell Pioneer SV2S Heavy Recovery Vehicle 
Ward La France M1A1 Recovery Vehicle 
Trailer 15KVA Lister Generator 
Trailer Dental 
Trailer FBE (Folding Boat Equipment) 
Trailer Recovery 6 Ton 6 Wheel No1 Mk11 
Trailer Water Purification 
B. Platoon, Royal New Zealand Army Service Corp, 14th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/ffc2f263-a7d8-4991-9235-df0ed9ea9ee4

Painting of Equipment and Vehicles

In the interest of smart turnout, weather protection and economy, all mobile artillery equipment and trailers and all “B” and “C” vehicles were in peacetime painted to a glossy finish using Paint, PFU, Deep Bronze Green, High Gloss.

All “A” Vehicles and non-mobile artillery equipment, searchlights, etc,  were painted to a matt finish using Paint, PFU, Deep Bronze Green, Matt Finish.[8]

Rationing

The RNZASC was responsible for overseeing all catering operations within the army. This included managing ration scales and supply organisation, including ration stores, cold stores, and butcher shops. Additionally, the RNZASC coordinated the activities of cooks and stewards stationed in camp and field kitchens. Bulk stocks of rations received from civilian suppliers were held in Supply Platoons and divided into ration breaks tailored to the needs of individual kitchens, depending on the strength of dependent units. Bulk field feeding was facilitated by RNZASC field kitchens, which provided essential sustenance in various operational settings. Unlike other contemporary military forces, the New Zealand Army did not utilise ration packs. Instead, units were supplied with canned or fresh food from the existing ration scale, allowing units to prepare meals while in the Field for shorter periods, ensuring flexibility and adaptability to different operational demands.

Specialised RNZASC Field Catering equipment included.

  • Cookers Portable No 1
  • Cookers Portable No 2
  • Cookers Portable No 3
  • Wiles’ Junior’ Mobile Cooker trailer
  • Wiles’ Senior’ Mobile Cooker trailer
  • Portable Field Cookhouse
  • Portable Mess Kit Wash up Kit.
  • Portable Meat Safe
School of Cookery, 15th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/70f9084d-362c-48ea-aeb4-0a048790d5be

Clothing and Personal Equipment

Following World War Two, with Ordnance Stores well stocked and NZ industry well positioned to support any surge in demand, the NZ army retained the familiar combination of woollen serge Battle Dress (BD) and Khaki Drill (KD) and Demin range of uniforms that had served it well during the war years. However, by 1955, the high tempo of training required to maintain a division supported by CMT, operations in Korea, and a likely commitment to ongoing operations in Southeast Asia highlighted deficiencies of the current ranger of uniforms. While the BD uniforms remained suitable for use in temperate and colder climates, the Army Clothing Committee identified a requirement to develop a summer training dress for use in NZ that would also be satisfactory for jungle operations, in response to the Army Dress Committee, Captain J.A Dixie of the Defence Scientific Corps of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) provided a comprehensive report on Tropical Clothing. Reviewing World War Two and post-war scientific research on the problem of tropical clothing by the United States and Commonwealth, Dixie’s report provided the principles that guided the selection of a suitable NZ Army range of tropical uniforms and equipment.[9]

In December 1955, the Army Board approved the transition of uniforms with BDs retained as winter dress in NZ and KDs to be phased out in favour of uniforms manufactured in Drill Green (DG) for summer and working dress.

Detailed below are the uniform scales of issues that were to be affected by the most significant uniform transition since 1940.

1955 Scales of Uniform issue.

Scale 1Regular Soldiers, including Regular Force Cadets.
Scale 2Regular Physical Training Instructors.
Scale 3Regular Officers.
Scale 4Regular Officers and Soldiers of the NZWRAC.
Scale 5Regular soldiers of the NZANS.
Scale 6Territorial Recruits.
Scale 7Territorial soldiers.
Scale 8Territorial Officers.
Scale 9Territorial Officers and Soldiers of the NZWRAC.
Scale 10Territorial Soldiers of the NZANS.
Scale 11Territorial Officers of the NZANS.
Scale 12Cadets of the Cadet Corps.
Scale 13Cadet Corps Officers.
Scale 14Special Clothing.
Scale 15Camp Necessities: Supplementary scales.
Scale 16Welfare Workers in Army Camps.
Scale 17Canteen Council Employees.
Scale 18Individual Provision: Women’s Services.
Scale 19Clothing and Necessaries to be in Possession of Soldiers Committed to Detention Barracks.
Scale 20Hospital Patients.

Headdress

Blue berets were designated for Physical Training Instructors. Additionally, officers (excluding RNZAC) were issued blue berets to be worn with Uniform Blue No 1.

The introduction of the Cap Battledress (Cap BD), commonly known as the Ski Cap, commenced in 1954 as a replacement for the Cap GS (Lemon squeezer). Members of the RNZAC were not required to wear the Cap BD, as they retained the Black Beret adopted in 1942 as their headdress.

The standard combat helmet was the Helmet, Steel, Mark II (Brodie), with special helmets for motorcycle riders and armoured crew members.

On Parade Nov 1954, 14th Intake, Central District Training Depot, Linton – Elmar Studios, 459 Main Street, Palmerston North Attribution + NonCommercial https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/69e57e1d-e1c1-4bb8-ab5f-0366a915b787

Battle Dress

The 37 Pattern Battle Dress (BD) served as New Zealand soldiers’ standard winter uniform and walking-out attire during World War II and subsequent years. This uniform, featured the following  key components:

  • Blouse: Fashioned from durable wool serge fabric, the blouse featured a buttoned front with concealed buttons. It boasted two breast pockets and two internal pockets, while the straight sleeves typically came with adjustable cuffs for added comfort and versatility.
  • Trousers: Crafted from the same resilient wool serge material as the blouse, the trousers boasted a practical button-fly design. They were equipped with two internal pockets, one rear pocket and a map pocket on the left leg. Adjustable side tabs on the waistband ensured a personalised fit for each wearer.
  • Web Anklets: Designed to keep the trouser bottoms securely in place, the web anklets prevented them from riding up or becoming loose during movement. This maintained a tidy and uniform appearance and offered protection against debris and insects entering the footwear.
  • BD Skirts were provided for female soldiers of the NZWRAC and NZANS

An upgraded pattern of Battle Dress was introduced in New Zealand known as the Pattern 52 BD, however from 1956, due to the considerable number of older patterns in circulation, the issue of the 52-Patt BDs was limited to regular soldiers and officers until stocks of the older pattern were wasted out.

Khaki Drill

During summer months, the woollen BD uniform proved impractical, leading to the issuance of Khaki drill attire. This summer uniform comprised:

  • Shirt, drill, Khaki
  • Shirt, Bush, OR, No 1 or No 2
  • Shirt, Officers, Khaki
  • Shorts, drill, Khaki
  • Trouser, drill, Khaki
  • Hosetops, Khaki, and Puttees, Short
  • Skirts, Khaki (NZWRAC and NZANS)

Working Dress

Recognising the unsuitability of both the BD and Khaki Drill uniforms for rigorous activities, a Denim working dress was provided. This ensemble included:

  • Jacket, Denim
  • Trousers, Denim

These garments were intended to withstand the demands of heavy-duty work while maintaining functionality and durability for soldiers in various tasks and environments, with overalls issued in addition to denims for tradesmen.

Camouflage

In 1952,  1500 sets of Khaki Drill Jackets and Trousers were dyed green and issued to the three military districts (250 sets per district) and NZ Division (750 sets) as camouflage clothing for training. The status of these by 1956 is unknown.

Footwear

Boots

Boots were ankle-high, lace-up ammo boots consisting of

  • Boots, ankle, Rank and File R&F, IP (or NZ). These boots had pebble-grained leather uppers with leather soles fitted with heel plates, toe plates and sole studs (hobnails).
  • Boots, ankle, officers, black. Officers’ boots had heel plates, but lacked the sole studs and toe plates because they could afford to replace the soles.

Other footwear

  • Shoes, canvas, rubber sole.
  • Shoes, officers, black, heavy.
  • Shoes, officers, black, light.
  • Shoes, NZWRAC, tan
  • Boots, Motorcyclists
  • Sandals, leather
  • Overshoes – issued to personnel employed in Magazines, Cookhouses at Ordnance Stores with concrete floors.

Wet and cold weather clothing

  • Issued to Soldiers
    • Coats, waterproof, Other Ranks
    • Gloves Woolen
    • Greatcoat, dismounted, 1940-patt.
    • Jersey, pullover, Type A
    • Jersey, pullover, Type B
  • Issued to Officers
    • Caps Comforter
    • Cardigan
    • Coats, trench or waterproof
    • Gloves, leather, brown, lined.
    • Gloves, leather, brown, unlined
    • Greatcoats
    • Jersey, pullover, Type A
    • Scarves , Khaki
  • Special Clothing issue
    • Boots, rubber knee
    • Capes, waterproof
    • Coats, oilskin
    • Hats, oilskin
    • Jackets, oilskin
    • Jerkin, Sleeveless Leather

Badges

  • Arm and appointment badges
    • Brass or Worsted SD
    • Cap & Collar
      • Other Ranks – brass
      • Officers – gilt
    • Rank
      • Worsted SD (Other Ranks)
      • Brass on Bands, wrist, KD, WO
      • Shoulder, worsted of gilt (Stars or Crowns)

    Web Equipment

    While New Zealand received substantial information regarding research and development efforts by the British Army aimed at enhancing web equipment, many of the new British designs were still in the development phase and not yet ready for deployment. [10]  However, with over 60,000 sets of the 37-Pattern equipment in circulation in New Zealand, supplemented by older items like the 08 Pattern pack, it was ensured that this equipment would remain in service for the foreseeable future.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion 1956 marked a crucial juncture for the New Zealand Army, necessitating strategic adaptations in response to evolving global conflicts. The army transitioned from its traditional role supporting British forces in the Middle East to engaging in operations in Southeast Asia. This shift prompted organisational restructuring, equipment modernisation, and adjustments to clothing and logistical operations. By aligning itself with the United Kingdom and Australia, the New Zealand Army was positioned to meet the challenges of the battlefields of the 1960s.

    Notes

    [1] Damien Fenton, A False Sense of Security: The Force Structure of the New Zealand Army 1946-1978, Occasional Paper / Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand: No. 1 (Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, 1998), 49.

    [2] “Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1955 to 31 March 1956,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1956 Session I, H-19  (1956).

    [3] “Composition of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Army Order 26-27/56, 9 May 1956.

    [4] “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (1920): 11.

    [5] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the Chief of the General Staff,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, (1939).

    [6] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 June 1950 to 31 March 1951,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (1951).

    [7] “Appendices to Report on Qmg (Quartermaster-General’s) Branch,” Archives New Zealand Item No R25541151  (1944).

    [8] “Vehicles and Artillery Equipments, Painiting Of,” New Zealand Army Order 75/50, 9 May 1950.

    [9] Army 213/1/92 DSIR Tropical Clothing Dated 3 October 1955. “Clothing – Tropical Clothing and Personal Equipment, ”Clothing.

    [10]  86/Dev/54 (SWV1) Instructions for Troop trials of Z2 Experimental Load Carrying Equipment, 1954;”Cookers – Web Equipment: New Pattern,” Archives New Zealand No R17189098  (1944 -1966).

    RNZAOC 1 April 1959 to 31 March 1960

    1 Comment

    The RNZAOC experienced a momentous period marked by key developments. Establishing the RNZAOC School was a notable milestone, alongside identifying challenges related to officer recruitment. This era also witnessed the realisation of plans to modernize and equip the Army with state-of-the-art resources. The initial deliveries of new equipment arrived, replacing a significant portion of the outdated wartime equipment and contributing to the transformation of the Army into a modern and well-equipped force.

    Key Appointments

    Director of Ordnance Services

    • Temporary Lieutenant Colonel H. McK. Reid

    Chief Inspecting Ordnance Officer

    • Major JW Marriot

    Officer Commanding Main Ordnance Depot

    • Major Harry White, from 1 May 1959

    RNZAOC School

    • Chief Instructor – Major Harry White
    • Regimental Sergeant Major – Warrant Officer Class One Alfred Wesseldine

    2nd Battalion, the New Zealand Regiment

    In July 1959, the 2nd Battalion of the New Zealand Regiment was reestablished at Waiouru. The battalion embarked on a rigorous workup and training phase, preparing them for their deployment to Malaya in November 1959, where they would relieve the 1st Battalion. To support the training and preparations of the 2nd Battalion, the RNZAOC furnished the battalion with the essential equipment it required by drawing from existing stocks. This ensured that the battalion was fully equipped from the ground up to fulfil its operational requirements.

    Establishment of RNZOAC School

    Upper Hutt City Library (29th Jan 2020). Trentham Camp; Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps School sign.. In Website Upper Hutt City Library. Retrieved 14th Jul 2020 11:51, from https://uhcl.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/1335

    Under discussion by the Army Board since 1956, the RNZAOC School was established in September 1959. Established within the Peacetime Establishment of the Main Ordnance Depot, the RNZAOC School would be under HQ Ordnance Services’ direct control and independent of the Army Schools.[1]

    The initial school organisation would be.

    • A Headquarters,
      • Chief Instructor – Major Harry White
      • School Sergeant Major – Warrant Officer Class One Wesseldine
    • Ammunition Wing
    • Stores and Vehicle Wing

    The function of the RNZAOC School would be to run courses and training for RF and TF personnel of the RNZAOC, including

    • Star Classification Courses – particularly for Storeman/Clerks RNZAOC and Ammunition Examiners.
    • Promotion courses for both officers and ORs.
    • Recruit training RNZAOC Personnel, including Recruit training for Group 2 personnel.
    • Advanced training for both officers and ORs, in all types of Ordnance activities.
    • Technical training in ordnance subjects, e.g. Inspecting Ordnance Officer courses.
    • Preservations and packing etc.
    • Refresher training for qualified personnel.
    • Other courses notified in the annual Forecast of Courses.

    Additionally, as directed by DOS, the RNZAOC School was required to.

    • Plan and hold conferences and training exercises.
    • Draft procedure instructions.
    • Test, or comment on new procedures, materials, or equipment.
    • Research various aspects of Ordnance activities.

    The first course conducted by the RNZAOC School would be an instructor’s Course conducted in late 1959.

    First Instructors Course, 1959. Chief Instructor Major Harry White is seated 3rd from left. Officer in the front Centre id Makor K.G Cropp. Robert Mckie RNZAOC Collection

    Officer Shortfall

    A projection of planned retirements for RNZAOC Officers up until 1962 indicated that a total of seventeen officers would be leaving the service. Historically, the main method of filling RNZAOC officer positions had been through the commissioning of Other Ranks with Quartermaster Commissions. However, since November 1956, only three officers had joined the RNZAOC directly as officers.

    Upon evaluating the planned officer retirements in relation to the RNZAOC officer establishment, it was discovered that the organization faced a deficiency of six officers. This shortage highlighted two significant issues that needed to be addressed.

    • The RNZAOC Officer Corps was becoming a Corps of old men, with 83% of Officers in the 39 to 54 age group
    • The RNZAOC Other Ranks Structure was denuded of the best SNCO’s and Warrant Officers.

    To rectify the situation, the following recommendations were made.

    • The RNZAOC press for an increased intake from Duntroon and Portsea of graduates to the RNZAOC.
    • Suitable officers no older than 30 years of age, and in the two to four-year Lieutenant bracket, be encouraged to change Corps to the RNZAOC.
    • Further commissioning of QM officers be strongly resisted unless there was no other alternative.

    Conferences

    Over the period 1 -3 September 1959, DOS hosted a conference at Army HQ for the District DADOS, Officer Commanding MOD, and the Ordnance Directorate members. The general agenda of the meeting included.[2]

    • Local purchase of stores by DADOS
    • Training of group 2 Personnel
    • RNZAOC School
    • Provision Problems
    • Surplus Stores
    • Personnel – postings and promotions
      • DADOS and OC MOD were required to provide in duplicate, personnel lists by unit containing.
        • Regimental No, rank, and name
        • Marital Status
        • Establishment statue, either PES, CSS or HSS
        • Present posting
    • Purchases for RF Brigade Group
    • District Problems

    Small Arms Ammunition

    With the introduction of the 7.62mm rifle, the Colonial Ammunitions Company (CAC) faced the task of transitioning its manufacturing from the existing .303 calibre to the new 7.62mm calibre. Having served as the supplier of Small Arms Ammunition to the Defence Force since 1888, the CAC was committed to maintaining this longstanding relationship. The company invested in the necessary tools and machinery to produce 7.62mm ammunition to fulfil this commitment. During this period, they successfully completed their first production run of the new calibre. While the NZ Army possessed sufficient stocks of .303 ammunition for the foreseeable future, the CAC retained the capability to manufacture .303 ammunition if needed.

    Introduction of New Equipment

    The RNZAOC played a vital role in the acceptance processes of newly introduced equipment. Upon arrival from the supplier, the equipment, accessories, and spare parts were received at the Main Ordnance Depot. Thorough inspections were conducted, and the equipment was outfitted with all necessary accessories before being distributed to the respective units. Depending on the equipment, a few examples might have been retained in RNZAOC Depots as War Reserve/Repair and Maintenance Stock.

    RNZAOC depots maintained maintenance stocks of accessories and spare parts as operating stock to ensure operational readiness. If the new equipment included a weapon system, the RNZAOC Ammunition Depots managed the specific ammunition required. During this period, the following equipment was introduced into service;[3]

    • 110 Land Rover Series 2a 109.
    • 144 Truck 3-Ton Bedford RL, 48 fitted with a winch
    • 3 Ferret Mark 1/1 Scout Car
    • 270 Wireless Sets. C45 – VHF transceiver,
    • 2000 9mm Sub Machine Gun Sterling Mk4 L2A3.
    • 500 7.62 mm Self Loading Rifle, L1A1 (SLR).

    Uniforms

    The Clothing and Equipment Committee approved the adoption of a standardized training uniform for New Zealand soldiers across all conditions within New Zealand. This uniform would serve as the foundational attire for training purposes.

    • Boots (Fory types under trial and development)
    • Anklets (Australian pattern)
    • Shirt (light wool)
    • Trouser ( Green drill material cut to UK pattern)
    • Hat (Jungle Type)

    Disposals

    In August 1958, the Army established a new organization dedicated to handling the declaration and disposal of surplus and obsolete equipment. Since August 1959, this disposal organization has declared over 9,000 lines, encompassing thousands of items, to the Government Stores Board for Disposal.

    Ammunition Disposal

    The disposal process for dangerous or obsolete ammunition continued, dumping over 900 tons of outdated ammunition at sea. Approximately 130,000 rounds of hazardous artillery ammunition were also destroyed through controlled burning or detonation.

    Efforts were made to salvage the maximum amount of recyclable metal whenever feasible. These salvage operations yielded around £10,000 (equivalent to NZD $243,276 in 2020) from the sale of scrap metal and containers.[4]

    Ration Packs


    In 1959, the Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps (RNZASC) assembled a total of 24,000 one-person 24-hour Ration Pack No. 1 following successful user trials. These ration packs, accompanied by newly introduced solid fuel cookers, were extensively utilized by the 2nd Battalion of the NZ Regiment during the build-up training for Malaya and by the Territorial Force during the Annual Camp.

    Shooting Competition

    Staff Sergeant I.G Campbell, RNZAOC was selected by the National Rifle Association as a team member representing New Zealand at 91st Annual Prize Meeting at Bisley in the United Kingdom, 4- 20 July 1960.

    Award of Army Sports Colours

    Major D.E. Roderick from Auckland was awarded the 1960 Army Sports Colours in appreciation of his notable contribution to Army Sport. Major Roderick excelled as a representative of the Army in cricket, hockey, and badminton and played a pivotal role in developing sports facilities at Trentham Camp. Additionally, within the RNZAOC, Major Roderick held a longstanding membership with the Upper Hutt Cricket Club and served as both a player and administrator for the MOD Cricket team. [5]

    Honours and Awards

    British Empire Medal

    Sergeant (Temporary Staff Sergeant) Maurice William Loveday, Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Regular Force), of Trentham.[6]

    Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, Resignations, and Retirements of Officers of the RNZAOC

    Regular Force

    • Major Ronald Geoffrey Patrick O’Connor is transferred to the Reserve of Officers, General List, Royal NZ Army Ordnance, in Major’s rank, 4 May 1959.[7]
    • Major and Quartermaster K. A. Bailey, M.M., having reached retiring age for rank, is transferred to the Supernumerary list, and granted an extension of his engagement until 12 January 1960, 11 August 1959.[8]
    • Captain Frederick George Cross is transferred to the Reserve of Officers, General List, Royal NZAOC, in the rank of Captain, 1 September 1959. [9]
    • Captain L. C. King is re-engaged for a period of one year, as from 4 October 1959.[10]
    • Captain (temp. Major) J. Harvey relinquishes the temporary rank of Major, 6 March 1960.[11]

    Regular Force (Supernumerary List)

    • Major and Quartermaster K. A. Bailey, MM., is granted an extension of his engagement for one year from 13 January 1960.[12]
    • Captain and Quartermaster S. H. E. Bryant is re-engaged for one year as from 28 October 1959.[13]
    • Captain and Quartermaster R. P. Kennedy, E.D., is re-engaged for a period of one year as from 13 April 1960.[14]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster George Witherman McCullough is posted to the Retired List, 12 February 1960.[15]
    • 2nd Lieutenant J. T. Skedden to be Lieutenant, 12 December 1959.[16]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster R. H. Colwill to be temporary Captain and Quartermaster, 9 February 1960.[17]

    Territorial Force

    • Captain Keith Stothard Brown relinquishes the appointment of OC, Technical Stores Platoon, 1st Divisional Ordnance Field Park, RNZAOC and is posted to the Retired List, 4 August 1959.[18]

    Reserve of Officers

    • Captain Hugo Sarginsone posted to the Retired List, 10 July 1959.[19]
    • Captain Noel Lester Wallburton posted to the Retired List, 10 August 1959.[20]
    • Captain Sidney Paxton Stewart posted to the Retired List, I September 1959. [21]
    • Major Percival Nowell Erridge, MBE posted to the Retired List, 25 December 1959.[22]
    • Major Alexander Basil Owen Herd, from the British Regular Army Reserve· of Officers, to be Major, 3 October I 959.[23]
    • Major Frank Owen L’Estrange, from the British Regular Army Reserve of Officers, to be Major, 11 November 1959.[24]
    • Captain Cyril Peter Derbyshire, from the British Regular Army Reserve of Officers, to be Captain, 1 January 1960.[25]

    Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, Resignations, and Retirements of Warrant Officers, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers, and men of the RNZAOC

    Regular Force

    • H594833 Private David Orr NZ Regiment Transferred into the RNZAOC, November 1959.
    • B31685 Staff Sergeant Ian McDonald Russell promoted to Temporary Warrant Officer Class Two, 23 June 1959.

    Notes

    [1] “Charter for the Rnzaoc School,”  in Organisation – Policy and General – RNZAOC (Archives New Zealand No R173115371960); Major J.S Bolton, A History of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Trentham: RNZAOC, 1992), 176-77, 252.

    [2] Conferences – Ordnance Officers, Item Id R17188101 (Wellington: Archives New Zealand, 1950).

    [3] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1959 to 31 March 1960,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (1960).

    [4] Ibid.

    [5] “Army Sports Colours,” Upper Hutt Leader, Volume XVII, Number 11, 24 March 1960.

    [6] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 35, 18 June 1959.

    [7] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 31, 28 May 1959.

    [8] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 56, 17 September 1959.

    [9] Ibid.

    [10] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 59, 1 October 1959.

    [11] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 23, 7 April 1960.

    [12] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 63, 22 October 1959.

    [13] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 68, 4 November 1959.

    [14] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 4, 21 January 1960.

    [15] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 15, 3 March 1960.

    [16] Ibid.

    [17] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 41, 7 July 1960.

    [18] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [19] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 51, 27 August 1959.

    [20] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 53, 3 September 1959.

    [21] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [22] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [23] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 70, 19 November 1959.

    [24] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 78, 17 December 1959.

    [25] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 8, 11 February 1960.

    RNZAOC 1 April 1958 to 31 March 1959

    Leave a comment

    This period would see a significant shift in the focus of the Army’s effort. The Government had decided to retain the force structure to meet the requirements of a global war and transform the regular Army into a force capable of meeting the needs of limited War. This would see Compulsory Military Training end, and Territorial Training becoming Voluntary and the Regular Force’s operational framework modified, with recruiting initiated to build up the force and new equipment purchased within the limits of available finances.[1]

    Key Appointments

    Director of Ordnance Services

    • Lieutenant Colonel H. McK. Reid.

    Commanding Officer Main Ordnance Depot

    • Major O.H Burn to 21 July 1958
    • Major G.J.H Atkinson from 21 July 1958

    United Nations Posting

    In July 1958, Major O.H Burn was assigned as a United Nations military observer in the Middle East, assuming the role of a Temporary Lieutenant Colonel. However, due to a typographical error, Major Burn was erroneously listed as promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in the New Zealand gazette. This promotion would have made him New Zealand’s sole Lieutenant General during peacetime.

    A correction stating his correct rank of temporary lieutenant colonel was scheduled to be published in the Gazette to rectify this mistake. However, before the correction could be made, numerous facetious friends sent messages of congratulations to Lt Col Burn. Unfortunately, these messages likely perplexed him as he had already departed from New Zealand before the notice appeared in the Gazette.

    Compulsory Military Training

    During this period one CMT intakes marched in with the RNZAOC recruits posted to 1 (NZ) Division Ordnance Field Park on completion of initial training;[2]

    • 27th intake of 1542 recruits on 1 May 1958
    • 28th intake planned for August 1958 but not held

    After 63,033 men were trained under the CMT Scheme, the Labour Government halted the CMT scheme and replaced the 1949 Military Training Act with the National Service Registration Act 1958 in early 1958.

    Conferences

    DOS Conference 27-29 May 1958

    Hosted by the DOS at Army HQ, the agenda for this meeting included.[3]

    • DOS Instructions
      • New format and reprint
      • Drafts of instructions C/1 and C/2
    • Local Purchase
      • Spares for post-war vehicles
      • Officer Commanding Depots £25 authority (2020 NZ$1250)
      • Purchase of stores by DADOS
    • Disposal of Stores
      • Produce and items from Boards of Survey
      • Survey of Stores – Army 246/37/1/Q(Org) of 6 October 57.
    • Accounting
      • Clothing
    • Demands
      • Identification of items
      • Bright Steel nuts and bolts
      • Trade names and trade equivalents
    • Finance
      • Vapour proof packaging of stores
      • Use of export cases
    • General
      • District problems
      • Further Army HQ problems if necessary

    Uniforms

    During this period, RNZAOC ordnance Depots and clothing stores would introduce the following new uniform types.[4]

    • Males Other Rank Service Dress – this uniform was issued to all-male soldiers of the Regular Force.
    • Jungle Green Drill – the issue of Jungle Green uniforms to replace uniforms previously produced in Khaki Drill also commenced.
    • NZWRAC Uniform – The issue of new summer dress consisting of a green short-sleeved frock commenced. Production of a new pattern green went into production.

    Disposals

    Vehicles

    One hundred ninety-five vehicles from 5-ton trucks to motorcycles were declared surplus to the Government Stores Board.

    Ammunition

    By the end of December 1958, the Makomako, Waiouru and Belmont Ammunition areas had concluded the destruction of 317,440  items of ammunition ranging from detonators to 9.2in Cartridges; this included the detonation of 108 tons of Explosives with an additional 1217 tons of ammunition dumped at sea. Makomako was cleared of dangerous ammunition.

    Move of Central Districts Vehicle Depot to Linton

    As part of the Central Districts Vehicle Depot (CDVD) move to Linton during 1958, consideration was given to retaining some of the functions of the CDVD within the Main Ordnance Deport. To this end, the MOD Vehicle group was established. The MOD Vehicle group took over the existing CDVD compound at Trentham and had the following responsibilities:[5]

    • Receipt, processing, and issue of all new vehicles.
    • Custody of vehicles that were considered as part of the Army Reserve Stocks.
    • Custody and disposal of vehicles held by CDVD Trentham that were considered surplus or had or been declared for disposal.

    This ensured that when the CDVD completed its move to Linton, only the vehicles and equipment needed to operate were transferred to Linton.

    • Army truck (CDVD Pool Vehicle) crossing the river at Otaki Forks 10 February 1959. Ref: EP/1959/0444-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23262911

    Linton Camp Ordnance Depot Issues

    Since its establishment in 1946, the Central Districts Ordnance Depots had occupied accommodation buildings in the North West corner of Linton Camp in what had initially been the wartime RNZAF Base Linton. Two additional warehouses had been assembled in 1949; however, storage space remained at a premium. Some example of the issues faced by the Ordnance Depot was; [6]

    • Block 1 Clothing Store – unable to be heated and uncomfortable for staff due to the risk of fire caused by the large quantity of clothing packaged with Naphthalene. This created a potential fire risk due to the Salamander heaters used for heating buildings.
    • S&T Block Tent Store – a multi-purpose building, used as a tent Store, repair shop and Traffic Centre. This building required repairs and was in such a state that it could not be secured against illegal entry. As the MOW estimated repairs to this building to cost at least £2000 (2020 NZ$49,882.32), the authority to repair would require approval from the DCRE. However, the DCRE had advised that this building was not worth repairing, with no alternative accommodation the Ordnance Depot was in a difficult position.

    It was advised in December 1958 that because of the preliminary site investigation for a new Ordnance Depot conducted the previous year, a new building covering 125,000 sq. ft be constructed for the Ordnance Depot over the next three years.

    Pending decision on the new Ordnance Depot building, the decision was made that the number of prefabricated buildings then been erected for the CDVD be increased from three to Four with the additional structure allocated to the Ordnance Depot as storage accommodation.

    Central Districts Ordnance Depot, Linton Camp 1958

    Ration Packs

    During the 1959 annual camp, the Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps (RNZASC) conducted trials of a specially designed four-person, 24-hour rations pack to streamline the Armoured units’ food supply. The pack was assembled using readily available commercial items, and feedback from both the 1 and 4 Armoured Regiments was positive.

    Drawing on the experiences of the NZ SAS and NZ Regiments in Malaya, where soldiers had to carry and prepare their own rations during jungle operations, the RNZASC recognized the need for a lightweight 24-hour ration pack. To meet this emerging requirement, they were in the process of developing such a pack.[7]

    Cricket Tour

    In February 1959, the RNZAOC hosted a cricket tour to New Zealand by the Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps (RAAOC). Major Derrick Roderick, a leading player for the RNZAOC tour to Australia in 1955, would act as the RNZAOC Liaison Officer for the RAAOC tour.[8]

    Over a period of three weeks, the RAAOC Cricket team would tour New Zealand, playing matches at;

    • Devonport Oval vs Ordnance Northern Military District, NZ Lost by 20 Runs
    • Linton Camp vs Ordnance Central Military District, Draw
    • Trentham camp vs RNZAOC XI, NZ lost by 11 Runs
    • Burnham Camp vs Ordnance Southern Military District, NZ Lost
    • Trentham Camp vs Main Ordnance Depot, NZ lost

    The tour was finalised on 19 February with a farewell Ball at the Trentham Camp Badminton Hall. The New Zealand Director of Ordnance Services, Lt-Col H. McK. Reid made presentations to all Australian tour members on behalf of the RNZAOC. The Australian team manager, Colonel C. V. Anderson, OBE, on behalf of the RAAOC team, thanked the RNZAOC for the hospitality and entertainment provided throughout the tour, presenting magnificent silver salvers to the Trentham Officers and Sergeants messes. The visitors were farewelled the following day, returning to Australia on the MS Wanganella.[9]

    Honours and Awards

    Long Service and Good Conduct

    • 31259 Warrant Officer Class One Maurice Sidney Phillips, 26 March 1959

    Secondment to British Army

    On 27 March 1958 Major Francis Anness Bishop RNZAOC began a secondment with the British Army. Attached to the 17th Gurkha Division/Overseas Commonwealth Land Forces (Malaya), Major Bishop would be the Divisions Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General (DAQMG).[10]

    Staff College, Camberley

    Captain C.L Sanderson, RNZAOD represented the New Zealand Army on the 1959 Staff College Course at Camberley in the United Kingdom.[11]

    Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, Resignations, and Retirements of Officers of the RNZAOC

    Regular Force

    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster A.F James to be Captain and Quartermaster, 1 April 1958.[12]
    • [13]
    • Captain Ellis Charles Green MBE., is posted to the Retired List in the rank of Major, 12 May 1958.[14]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster J.E Hutchinson to be Captain and Quartermaster, 1 April 1958.[15]
    • Major 0.H Burn to be Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel, 26 July 1958.[16]
    • Captain G.J.H Atkinson, MBE., to be Temporary Major, 21 July 1958.[17]
    • Captain and Quartermaster S.H.E Bryant is transferred to the Supernumerary List on reaching retiring age for rank, 27 October 1958.[18]
    • Major Patrick William Rennison is transferred to the Reserve of Officers, General List, RNZAOC, with the rank of Major, 21 October 1958.[19]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster A. Fraser to be Temporary Captain and Quartermaster, 16 September 1958. [20]
    • Major (Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) H McK Reid to be Lieutenant-Colonel, 30 October 1958.[21]
    • Lieutenant J.B Glasson to be Temporary Captain, 16 September 1958.[22]
    • Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) J.B Glasson to be Captain Dated 9 December 1958. [23]
    • Captain C.C Pipson is transferred to the Supernumerary List on reaching retiring age for rank and is re-engaged for a period of one year, 22 February 1959.[24]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster R.J Crossman to be Captain and Quartermaster, l 5 March 1959.[25]
    • Lieutenant and Quartermaster G.W Dudman to be Captain and Quartermaster, 15 March 1959.[26]
    • Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) and Quartermaster A Fraser to be Captain and Quartermaster, I 5 March 1959.[27]
    • Captain (Temporary Major) G.J.H. Atkinson, MBE., to be Major, 6 March 1959.[28]

    Regular Force (Supernumerary List)

    • Captain and· Quartermaster G.A Perry, E.D., re-engaged for a period of one year, as from 1 April 1958.[29]
    • Captain and Quartermaster S.H.E Bryant re-engaged for a period of one year, 27 October 1958. [30]
    • Captain and Quartermaster Alfred Golian posted to the Retired List, 17 January l 959.[31]

    RESERVE OF OFFICERS

    • Lieutenant J.H Mead relinquishes his commission, 1 July 1958.[32]
    • Major William Patrick Chester-Dixon, from the British Regular Army Reserve of Officers, to be Lieutenant-Colonel, 16 May 1958.[33]
    • Captain F.H Pike relinquishes his commission, 5 November 1958.[34]

    The under-mentioned were posted from the General List to the Retired List:

    • 2nd Lieutenant Francis Edwin Clark. [35]
    • 2nd Lieutenant Ernest Ivan Meggett. [36]
    • 2nd Lieutenant Henry Charles Foster. 
    • Lieutenant Morris James Goodson.[37]
    • Lieutenant John· Clyde Graham.[38]
    • Lieutenant Frank Whittington Jull. [39]
    • Lieutenant Graham Wootton Clark.[40]
    • Lieutenant John Ivor Martin. [41]
    • Lieutenant Francis Thomas Thorpy. [42]
    • Lieutenant Albert William Buckley.[43]
    • Lieutenant Albert Arthur Burrows. [44]
    • Lieutenant James Stewart Jamieson. [45]
    • Captain William Arthur Pascoe.
    • Captain Austin Whitehead. 
    • Captain William Mervyn Rowell. 
    • Captain Stanley Copley Bracken.[46]

    Territorial Force

    • Alan Ernest Osborne to be 2nd Lieutenant and is posted to the Technical Stores Platoon, 1st Divisional Ordnance Field Park, RNZAOC, 1 August 1958.[47]

    Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, Resignations, and Retirements of Warrant Officers, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers, and men of the RNZAOC

    • A30054 Sergeant Bryan Nelson Jennings promoted to Staff Sergeant, 13 October 1958.[48]
    • 31383 Staff Sergeant Hector Searle McLachlan promoted to Warrant Officer Class Two, 1 April 1958.[49]
    • 31259 Warrant Officer Class Two Maurice Sidney Phillips promoted to Warrant Officer Class One, 14 October 1958.[50]
    • 31246 Warrant Officer Class Two Douglas Keep Wilson promoted to Warrant Officer Class One, 13 October 1958.[51]

    Notes

    [1] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1958 to 31 March 1959,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives  (1959).

    [2] Peter Cooke, Fit to Fight. Compulsory Military Training and National Service in New Zealand 1949-72 (Auckland: David Ling Publishing, 2013), 539.

    [3] Conferences – Ordnance Officers, Item Id R17188101 (Wellington: Archives New Zealand, 1950).

    [4] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1958 to 31 March 1959.”

    [5] “Organisation – Policy and General – Rnzaoc “, Archives New Zealand No R17311537  (1946 – 1984).

    [6] Buildings, Linton Camp, Central Ordnance Depot, Item Id R9428308 (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 1955 – 1968 ).

    [7] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1958 to 31 March 1959.”

    [8] Major J.S Bolton, A History of the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps (Trentham: RNZAOC, 1992), 177-78.

    [9] “Australian Ordnance Farwelled,” Upper Hutt Leader, Volume XVI, Number 7 26 February 1959 1959.

    [10] “Recommendations for Honours or Awards,” The National Archives (UK) Ref WO 373/135/420 1960.

    [11] “H-19 Military Forces of New Zealand Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding, for Period 1 April 1958 to 31 March 1959.”

    [12] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 28, 8 April 1958.

    [13] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 34, 5 june 1958.

    [14] Ibid.

    [15] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 36, 12 june 1958.

    [16] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 52, 21 August 1958.;”Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 56, 11 September 1958.

    [17] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [18] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 58, 25 September 1958.

    [19] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 68, 6 November 1958.

    [20] Ibid.

    [21] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 76, 11 December 1958.

    [22] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 8, 19 February 1959.

    [23] Ibid.

    [24] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 19, 25 March 1959.

    [25] Ibid.

    [26] Ibid.

    [27] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 22, 16 April 1959.

    [28] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 25, 30 April 1959.

    [29] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 21, 2 April 1958.

    [30] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [31] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 17, 19 March 1959.

    [32] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 48, 7 August 1958.

    [33] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 41, 3 July 1958.

    [34] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 2, 15 January 1959.

    [35] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 38, 26 June 1958.

    [36] Ibid.

    [37] Ibid.

    [38] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 43, 10 July 1958.

    [39] Ibid.

    [40] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [41] Ibid.

    [42] Ibid.

    [43] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 64, 3 October 1958.

    [44] Ibid.

    [45] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army.”

    [46] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 71, 20 November 1958.

    [47] “Appointments, Promotions, Transfers, and Resignations, of Officers of the New Zealand Army,” New Zealand Gazette, No 7, 12 February 1959.

    [48] Howard E. Chamberlain, Service Lives Remembered : The Meritorious Service Medal in New Zealand and Its Recipients, 1895-1994 ([Wellington, N.Z.]: H. Chamberlain, 1995), 242.

    [49] Ibid., 289.

    [50] Ibid., 367-68.

    [51] Ibid., 512.

    The Gruber Ration Pack

    1 Comment

    Emperor Haile Selassie 1935 mobilisation order to Ethiopian Forces to fight against Mussolini’s Invading Italian forces.

    “Everyone will be mobilised and all boys old enough to carry a spear will be sent to Addis Ababa . Married men will take their wives to carry food and cook. Those without wives will take any woman without a husband.”

    The supply of rations is not a traditional Ordnance responsibility; however, with the rationalisation of New Zealand Army Logistics in 1979, the RNZAOC assumed responsibility from the Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps (RNZASC) for the Supply of Rations and Fuel. Part of these responsibilities was the manufacture of Ration Packs, which was carried out by the Ration Pack Production Section (RPPS) in Trentham. In addition to the ration packs produced by the RPPS, the New Zealand Advanced Ordnance Depot (NZAOD) in Singapore assumed responsibility in 1979 for the production of the “Gruber Pack” a unique ration pack designed to supplement the standard ration packs in the tropical conditions of South East Asia. Never told before, this article provides the background on the “Gruber Pack”.

    It is a necessity for rations to be provided to soldiers on the move or when situated away from their normal home base with the necessary to supply rations based on:

    • the individual,
    • the small group (squad, section, platoon), and
    • the large group (company size or larger).

    Dramatic improvements have occurred over the last two hundred years that have seen the improvement of military field rations. led by the invention of the can and then preservation techniques, including drying and freeze-drying to the modern retort pouches that are now the staple of modern Military Ration packs.

    New Zealand traditionally followed the British lead regarding military field rations, with the British army issue ration biscuit, the ‘Huntley & Palmers Army No 4’ and tinned bully beef the staple during the First World War. The Second World War would boost the technology of military field rations, with the United Kingdom developing military field rations for use worldwide and the United States in parallel developing 23 different military field rations and ration supplements.

    New Zealand would take its first steps in developing a military field ration in 1958 when trials were conducted to develop;

    • 24-hour, four-man ration pack for armoured units, and
    • a 24-hour, one-man for infantry units.

    The results of these trials were the development of the following Ration packs.

    • One-Man 24-Hour Ration Pack (Canned) – (one man/one day) for use when individual feeding is necessary, e.g. patrols. Suitable for continuous use for up to seven days. A combination of tinned and dry items designed for reheating, although tinned food can be eaten hot or cold. There were three different menus related to this ration pack.
    • One-Man 24-Hour Ration Pack (Lightweight) – An individual ration (one man/one day) for use when individual feeding was necessary, e.g. patrols. Suitable for continuous use for up to seven days. As the items in this pack are dehydrated, they should not have been used in areas where water is unavailable. Designed to provide three meals per ration pack.
    • Ten Man Ration Pack – A composite ration of tinned foods. Designed for reheating in communal feeding in multiples of Ten.
    Canned Ration Pack
    1986 Individual Contents of the One Man, 24-Hour Ration Pack (Canned)

    By 1976 these ration packs had been in service for several years with little work carried out in developing them further.  To supplement these ration packs, a habit had evolved where soldiers, when deploying into the field, would take additional “Bits and Pieces” such as potatoes, onions, curry etc., to supplement the meagre “ration pack”.

    In 1976,  Warrant Officer Class Two J. A Gruber, the Catering Warrant Officer, 1 RNZIR in Singapore, took note and decided to design a New Zealand supplementary pack based on tropical needs to enhance the 24 Hour Ration Pack used by soldiers living in the field for weeks on end, and the “Gruber Pack” was developed.

    The origins of the Gruber Pack date back to the Vietnam era when the idea of a supplementary ration pack originated. In those days, the United States Army provided a Combat Composite Pack monthly to each company. The Combat Composite Pack contained extra “goodies” such as cigarettes, gum, fruit juice, tins of fruit, etc., today termed jack rats.  The supplementary pack that WO2 Gruber designed was intended to supplement the existing 24-hour ration pack and was to be consumed on the ration of one Gruber to five 24-hour packs.

    The actual components of the Gruber Pack would vary from time to time but were a combination of tinned and dry items and based on the daily nation allowance for Singapore, which in 1986 was SDG $6.11.

    Designed to be eaten by an individual over 24 hours, Gruber Packs needed half a litre of water to reconstitute the beverages and had a nutritional value of 2433Kcals. Given the climate and components used, a Gruber Pack had a shelf life of two years.

    Gruber Packs were assembled on an as-required basis from locally purchased components by work parties from 1RNZIR, initially under the control of the NZ Supply Platoon, RNZASC until 1979 and then by the NZAOD until 1989.

    The components would be carefully packed into plastic bags to keep them dry and safe, with individual packs packed, ten to a fiberboard carton.

    Technical Data for the Gruber pack was;

    • Gross weight 10.2 Kg per carton of ten.
    • Individual pack measurement 40.6mm x 21.4mm x 33mm.
    • Volume .028m3 or 1.14 cu ft.

    MENU

    • Chicken Curry/Beef curry/Mutton Curry 170gm. Tin: 1
    • Pea/Mixed Vege 184gm Tin: 1
    • Fruit Cocktail 248gm Tin: 1
    • Cornflakes 60gm Pkt: 1
    • Instant Noodles 85gm Pkt: 1
    • Herring in Tomato sauce/Pork in Tin/Luncheon Meat 98gm Tin: 1
    • Tea Bags Bags: 2
    • Instant Coffee Sachet: 3
    • Milo Sachet: 2
    • Raisins 42gm Pkt: 1
    • Chewing Gum Packet: 2
    • Non-Dairy Creamer 3gm Pkt: 6
    • Toilet Paper Sheets: 5
    • Salt Sachet: 2
    • Pepper Sachet: 2
    • Sugar Sachet: 6
    • Fruit Drink Container: 1
    • Tomato Sauce Sachet: 2
    • Chilli Sauce Sachet: 2
    • Matches Packet: 1
    • Kleenex Tissues Packet: 1

    The Gruber Pack was unique to the New Zealand Forces in Singapore, and following the withdrawal of New Zealand Forces from Singapore in 1989, the Gruber Pack disappeared from the New Zealand Military ration menu. However, trials to upgrade the in-service ration packs had been underway since 1986, and many of the lessons learnt from the Gruber pack were absorbed into the new ration packs that began to be manufactured by the RNZAOC in 1990.