Stocktakes are pivotal in military inventory management, ensuring precise records and efficient resource allocation. Despite their routine nature, stocktakes are essential for maintaining operational effectiveness. This article will examine the importance of stocktakes in the New Zealand Army and uncover the intriguing history behind its inaugural Army-wide stocktake conducted in 1870.

In the contemporary New Zealand Army, the responsibility of stocktaking stores and equipment lies with the Logistic Specialists of the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment (RNZALR). Depending on the item category, they employ computer-based tools and systems to conduct physical inventories (stocktake) of thousands of line items weekly, monthly and annually.

Much like any modern military organisation, the New Zealand Army operates within complex and dynamic environments, where accurate and up-to-date inventory management is crucial for mission success, cost efficiency, and overall operational readiness. Stocktakes play a vital role in achieving these goals for several reasons:

• Operational Readiness: Timely deployment is critical for military units, often requiring rapid reaction. Regular stocktakes ensure the availability of necessary equipment, supplies, and ammunition, enhancing operational readiness and response capabilities during crises or conflicts.
• Mission Planning and Execution: Accurate inventory data from stocktakes is invaluable for mission planning. Commanders and planners rely on this data to allocate resources, devise strategies, and make informed decisions about asset utilisation across diverse scenarios.
• Resource Allocation: Military resources are often scarce and costly. Stocktakes provide insights into resource availability, avoiding unnecessary overstocking or understocking. This optimal resource allocation minimises waste.
• Budget Management: Effective stock management aids in cost control. Identifying excess or obsolete inventory through stocktakes helps the military avoid unnecessary expenses related to storage, maintenance, and replacing redundant items.
• Supply Chain Efficiency: Stocktakes enhance supply chain efficiency. Accurate inventory data streamlines procurement, transportation, and distribution of supplies, reducing delays and ensuring critical items reach the right location on time.
• Maintenance and Repairs: Regular maintenance and repairs are vital for military equipment and vehicles. Stocktakes identify items needing attention, ensuring equipment remains functional and dependable.
• Accountability and Security: Accurate inventory records promote accountability within the military organisation. Stocktakes reveal discrepancies or missing items, indicating potential theft, unauthorised use, or security breaches, safeguarding military assets.
• Compliance and Regulations: Military logistics involve handling hazardous materials, sensitive equipment, and controlled items. Proper stock management, including routine stocktakes, ensures storage, transportation, and disposal regulations compliance.
• Emergency Preparedness: Accurate stock information is indispensable during crises or natural disasters. Stocktakes enable quick assessment of available resources for effective emergency responses.
• Data-Driven Decision Making: Stocktake data offers valuable insights guiding strategic decisions. Analysing stock levels, usage rates, and other inventory metrics empowers military leaders to make informed choices about resource allocation, procurement strategies, and overall logistics planning.

Despite playing a crucial role in supporting military operations, stocktakes often attract little attention due to their perceived routine nature. Following the conclusion of a stocktake, discrepancies are resolved, and transactions are finalised, after which records are promptly filed away and often forgotten and the cycle restarts. The responsibility for managing the stocktake cycle of the New Zealand Army lies with the RNZALR Logistic Specialist trade. Despite its relatively short existence of only 27 years, the RNZALR succeeds several New Zealand Military stores accounting organisations that trace their roots back to 1840. Differing from many other armed forces, the New Zealand Army can trace the origins of its stocktake cycle back to a singular stocktake that was officially completed on 17 August 1870.[1]

The origins of managing military stores in New Zealand can be traced back to 1840 when the Colonial Storekeeper was appointed under Governor Hobson’s administration. However, New Zealand’s first independent military store organisation was not established until 1862. Through the Colonial Defence Act of 1862, authorisation was granted for establishing the first Regular Force in New Zealand. Supported by the Imperial Military Store Department, the formation of the New Zealand Stores Department marked the gradual assumption of responsibility for the New Zealand Militia and Volunteer units. This transition was further solidified by 1866 when a permanent staff was dispersed between Auckland and Wellington, complemented by Storekeepers across most districts.

In October 1867, enacting the Armed Constabulary Act 1867 resulted in the disbandment of the Colonial Defence Force, necessitating a reorganisation of the Colonial Storekeeper’s office.

During this phase, the Imperial Military Store Department maintained the British Forces in New Zealand, operating Stores Depots at Fort Britomart in Auckland and Mount Cook in Wellington. The principal duty of the Military Store Department was to provide Ordnance support to British units stationed in New Zealand. Moreover, the fledgling Colonial Defence Force received backing from the Military Store Department, often receiving direct support during joint operations with Imperial Forces.

Following the withdrawal of Imperial Forces from New Zealand in 1869/70, the Military Store Department was among the last British units to depart in July 1870. Subsequently, the responsibility for Military Storekeeping shifted to the New Zealand Defence Stores Department.

Military Store Keeping responsibilities were divided between the Armed Constabulary, the Militia and Volunteers. Samuel Anderson managed storekeeping for the Armed Constabulary as the Armed Constabulary Storekeeper. He received support in the districts from Armed Constabulary personnel seconded from their primary duties to act as Sub-Storekeepers.

The storekeeping requirements of the Militia and Volunteers were managed by the Defence Stores. Starting from 23 April 1869, the Inspector of Stores, Lieutenant Colonel Edward Gorton, assumed the management of the Defence Stores. Sub-Storekeepers in the districts complemented the Auckland and Wellington Defence Stores Storekeepers. While the Wellington and Auckland positions were permanent and full-time, many district Sub-Storekeeper roles encompassed dual responsibilities. These holders often held other functions, such as Militia Drill Instructors or Sub-Storekeepers for the Public Works Department. In certain instances, Armed Constabulary Sub-Storekeepers also undertook the role of Defence Stores Sub-Storekeepers.

On assuming the role of Head of the Defence Stores, Gorton faced the monumental challenge of reorganising and realigning the Defence Stores Department in line with the Public Stores Act of 1867. Gorton promptly disseminated instructions on maintaining store accounts to all Defence Stores personnel and those accountable for stores on 10 May 1869. By August 1869, he had introduced new procedures for managing store accounts. Notably, on 17 August 1860, Gorton presented the Minister of Defence with the first comprehensive stocktake of New Zealand Military Stock holdings.

Gorton presented the August 1870 stocktake in three handwritten tables, identifying:

•  Description of the Items checked.
• The quantity of the items checked.
• Their distribution by location and if they were in-store or on issue.
• Their serviceability state.

Due to the handwritten 19th-century cursive style of the tables, descriptions are difficult to decipher. Nevertheless, through collaboration with specialists in Small Arms from the New Zealand Antique Arms Association and referencing the Manual of Equipment from that era, most items have been successfully identified and transcribed into a contemporary spreadsheet format, facilitating convenient viewing. The Tables are:

• Return of Small Arms, Ordnance and Ammunition
• Return of Camp Equipment, Entrenching Tools and Saddlery
• Return of Ordnance Ammunition

Return of Small Arms, Ordnance and Ammunition

This return is divided into three parts:

• Ordnance, this been Field and Garrison Artillery pieces.
• Small Arms, including:
  • Rifles.
  • Muskets.
  • Carbines.
  • Revolvers.
  • Swords.
• Ordnance and Small Arms Ammunition

This return exclusively pertains to the main item, and it can be inferred that the count encompasses the necessary components and accessories for the weapon system to operate effectively.[2]

Return of Camp Equipment, Entrenching Tools and Saddlery

This return is divided into three parts:

• Camp Equipment
• Implements
• Saddlery

This return focuses on principal items. It can be deduced that the count covers the components and accessories necessary to construct a complete tent or assemble a set of pack horse saddlery.

For instance, Circular tents and Pack Saddles encompassed the subsequent items:

• Circular tent:
  • Pins.
  • Poles.
  • Mallet.
  • Pin Bag.
  • Valise.
• Pack Saddle
  • Straps and Bridles.
  • Waterproof Cover.
  • Horse Blanket.
  • Surcingle.
  • Pads.[3]

Return of Ordnance Ammunition

This return presents a detailed breakdown of artillery ammunition categorised by location and its constituent components, which include:

• Cartridges.
• Fuzees.
• Powder.
• Shells.

This data demonstrates that most artillery ammunition was stored in Auckland’s Albert Barracks Powder Magazine. This situation prompted the initiation of tenders for the construction of new magazines in the comparatively remote location of Mount Eden.[4]

In the contemporary New Zealand Army, the responsibility of stocktaking stores and equipment lies with the Logistic Specialists of the RNZALR, who employ computer-based tools for conducting physical inventories of thousands of items weekly, monthly, and annually, thereby promoting accurate inventory management for mission success, cost efficiency, and overall operational readiness. Stocktakes are crucial in achieving several objectives for the New Zealand Army. These include ensuring operational readiness, supporting mission planning and execution, optimising resource allocation, managing budgets, enhancing supply chain efficiency, facilitating maintenance and repairs, maintaining accountability and security, complying with regulations, enabling emergency preparedness, and guiding data-driven decision-making. Despite their crucial role, stocktakes often garner limited attention due to their perceived routine nature. However, these practices have a rich historical foundation dating back to the 19th century. This article traces the origins of military store management in New Zealand, highlighting the establishment of store organisations and the transition of responsibilities over time, culminating in the Army’s first comprehensive stocktake completed in August 1870. This historical context sheds light on the evolution of stocktake practices and underscores their enduring significance.

Notes

[1] Inspector of Stores Edward Gorton, Reporting on system of Store Accounts and with returns of Arms Ordnance Ammunition ans various Stores, Archives New Zealand Item ID R24174887, (Wellington: New Zealand Archives, 17 August, 1870).

[2] The Secretary of State for War, “Equipment of Artillery,” Manual of Army Equipment, Part 2  (1861), https://rnzaoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/army-equipment-part-2-artillery-1861.pdf.

[3] The Secretary of State for War, “Equipment of Commissariate Department,” Manual of Army Equipment, Part 6  (1861), https://rnzaoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/army-equipment-part-6-commissariat-department-1865-1.pdf.

[4] “The Power magazine  “, New Zealand Herald, Volume VIII, Issue 2278 (Auckland), 15 May 1871, https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18710515.2.14.

The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) is facing a critical juncture as security threats continue to escalate. The Government’s intention to enhance the NZDF’s combat readiness is a step in the right direction. Still, it demands urgent action and must be achieved within years, not decades, unlike current defence programmes. Becoming combat-ready requires not only modern weapon systems and platforms but also the correct levels of staffing and logistics to support a formidable force. In this article, we delve into the historical context of NZDF’s combat readiness and the need for a seismic shift in approach to meet future challenges.

https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/132678491/defence-force-needs-to-become-combatready-as-security-threats-worsen-government-says?cid=app-iPhone

Historical Context: The Rise and Fall of Combat Readiness

In the past, the NZDF maintained combat-ready power through the Territorial Force, backed by conscription up until the 1970s. Though conscripts were never deployed post-World War Two, the organisational structures and facilities that supported the Territorial Force played a vital role in bolstering the Regular Army. However, the end of conscription after the Vietnam War led to the decline of the Territorial Force, leaving the Regular Force to shoulder overseas missions with outdated equipment and insufficient personnel. This begs the question: should some form of conscription be reconsidered to build a truly combat-ready force?

Logistical Challenges: The Shift in Approach

Logistically, until the 1980s, the army relied on a “Just in Case” model, maintaining warehouses based on past wars. The post-World War Two logistics organisation was established to sustain overseas divisions, ensuring quick mobilisation and reinforcement. However, after Vietnam, international military trends favoured the “Tail to Teeth” and “Just in Time” doctrines, leading to a decline in NZDF logistic units and a reliance on civilian contractors and overseas suppliers. The vulnerabilities of this fragile international supply chain were laid bare during the COVID pandemic, a ship stuck in the Suez Canal, and conflicts in Europe. Should the NZDF re-evaluate its logistic strategies and prioritise domestic production to ensure self-reliance and resilience?

The Call for Urgency: Reshaping NZDF for the Future

Despite possessing some advanced weaponry and equipment, the current NZDF personnel and logistic models do not align with the uncertainties of the modern strategic environment. To effectively confront emerging security challenges, the NZDF must redefine combat readiness, reassess logistics strategies, and prioritise domestic production. The transformation towards a combat-ready force demands swift reinvestment and non-partisan political commitment to reshape the NZDF’s structure, equipment, and logistical support. The time for action is now.

Conclusion: From Ambition to Reality

The Government’s ambition to make the NZDF more combat-ready is commendable, but it requires a sense of urgency to move from rhetoric to reality. The desired transformation demands a seismic shift in approach, with investment and commitment to reshaping NZDF for the challenges ahead. As security threats worsen, the nation’s security depends on the NZDF’s ability to adapt, innovate, and evolve into a combat-ready force. The future of NZDF and New Zealand’s security is at stake. Will the present or post-October Government follow through, or will this be another hollow pre-election promise? The time to secure the future is now.