Gazetted by regulations published on 1 February 1917, the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps was established as part of the permanent staff of the Defence Forces of New Zealand. Organised with Ordnance Stores under four District Ordnance Officers in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin and detachments at Palmerston North and Featherston.[1]

For this article as the activities of the New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and Corps were intertwined during the period 1918-1923 they will be referred to as the NZAOC.

The routine the work of the four District Ordnance Officers was considerably increased with the cessation of hostilities in November 1918. The return of troops necessitated the opening and equipping of hospitals, vocational and educational training schemes. This opened up new and important work to be handled by the Ordnance Corps.

Organisation

During the 1918-1919 period, the strength of the NZAOC has increased markedly. This was due to the taking over of the camps and the rush of work because of demobilization. In recruiting for the NZAOC preference was given to returned soldiers. The total strength of the NZAOC on 1st June 1919 was 486, consisting of;[2]

18 Officers, and
475 Other ranks.

Key Appointments

Directing Staff and Executive Staff

Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores

Major T. McCristell, NZAOD.

Assistant Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores

Temporary Captain T. J. King, NZAOD.

Ordnance Accounting Officer

lieutenant James M. Miller, NZAOD.

Ordnance Officer Auckland

Captain L.F McNair, NZAOD.

Ordnance Officer Christchurch

Honorary Captain A.R.C White, NZAOD.

Ordnance Officer Dunedin

Honorary Captain O.F. McGuigan, NZAOD.

Ordnance Officer Wellington

Honorary Lieutenant F.E Ford, NZAOD.

Ordnance Officer Featherston Camp

Captain A. W. Baldwin, NZAOD

Executive Staff Ordnance Officers

Lieutenant Eugene Key, NZAOD.
Lieutenant Albert Austin, NZAOD.
lieutenant Walter N. Bates, NZAOD.

Inspectorial Staff

Inspector of Ordnance Machinery

Captain B.G.V Parker, NZAOD.

Inspector of Engineers, Electric Light and Defence Vessels Stores

Captain George John Parrell, NZAOD

Proof Officer, Small Arms Ammunition, Auckland

Captain A. Duvall, NZAOD.

Chief Armourer

Honorary Lieutenant William E. Luckman, NZAOD.

Inspectorial Staff Ordnance Officers

Honorary Lieutenant Frederick W. Kibblewhite, NZAOD.
Honorary Lieutenant William H Manning, NZAOD.
Honorary Lieutenant William Ramsey, NZAOD.

NZAOC appropriations year ending 31 March 1919

Alexandra Barracks, Buckle Street, Wellington

The home of the NZAOC, the Defence complex of Alexandra Barracks included the Central Districts Ordnance Depot, located on the corner of Taranaki and Buckle Street and the Armament Workshop, which was located on the site where the current museum is.

The New Zealand Ordnance Corps 1918, Buckle Street Wellington. RNZAOC School

Central Districts Ordnance Depot

The Ordnance Depot for the Central Districts, it maintained a number of sections including Clerical, Store and Maintenance, with specialist subsections such as Boot (new and repair), Sailmaker (Textile repair) and clothing.[3]

Boot Section

The total quantity of boots received from manufacturers during the 1918/19 period was;

51,693 pairs shoes (deck),
6,552 pairs.

When drawing up specifications for the supply of boots for 1918 it was recognized that several alterations were necessary to render the boots more comfortable, and durable than those of the 1917 pattern. Special fittings were placed on the toes of all military lasts used by manufacturers to render that portion of the boots roomier, and also short stout puffs were introduced, with the result that no complaints whatever were received regarding undue pressure on the toes of the wearer. A special tannage of sole leather suitable for military work was also obtained, and by a test of wear gave every satisfaction. The total number of boots rejected during this period was 95 pairs. The majority of boots rejected were discarded for minor faults only, no case being observed where manufacturers had deliberately attempted to depart from specifications, the deliveries as a whole being, both in workmanship and material, well up to the standard required.[4]

On account of the shortage of military footwear in England, during the 1918/19 period shipments to England for the purpose of equipping returning members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force before leaving for New Zealand was;

boots (ankle) 42,900 pairs,
shoes (deck), 14,000 pairs,

To satisfy demands made in New Zealand, the following issues were made

Boots (ankle, regulation), 29,886 pairs,
boots (light and special), 68 pairs;
shoes (deck), 9,845 pairs.

The stock of in store as of June 1919 comprised;

boots (ankle, regulation) 5,092 pairs,
shoes (deck) 7,684 pairs,

The Central Districts Ordnance Depot also maintained a Boot-repair Factory. During the 1918/19 period, the output of the boot-repair factory had been equal to all demands made on it, with all repairs required for Trentham and Featherston Camps and districts being satisfied. The total quantity of boots repaired from the 1st June 1918 to the 31st May 1919, was

12,709 pairs, at an average cost of 5s. Id. per pair.
13 pairs of shoes (deck) at an average cost of Is. 7d. per pair.

All material used in repairing boots and shoes was of the highest quality obtainable, and the results given in wear proved to be highly satisfactory. The repair process was as follows;

Before repairing, all boots are thoroughly disinfected by immersion in a solution of kerol (disinfectant) and water.
They were then pulled onto perfect-fitting lasts,
necessary repairs are carried out,
and the sizes stamped on the soles.
The next process is cleaning and blocking. This is done in the following manner
- The boots are pulled on perfect-fitting followers,
- the uppers thoroughly washed in a mixture of soap and lukewarm water.
- While the leather is in a mellow state all creases and wrinkles in the uppers are rubbed out,
- the boots are then put aside for twenty-four hours’ drying.
- After this period the uppers are thoroughly treated with dubbin, which not only penetrates the pores of the leather (thus rendering them watertight) but also has a mellowing effect upon the uppers, making them equal in pliability to those of new boots.
- The boots are then taken off the followers and placed in storage-bins ready for use.

After this treatment, the boots were in excellent condition, both from a serviceable and sanitary point of view. As of 30 June 1919, 4,600 pairs of boots had been treated in this manner, and these figures were added to (approximately) at the rate of forty pairs daily until the present stock of boots in store for repairs (estimated, after allowing for rejections, at 4,000 pairs) was exhausted. From 1918 two disabled returned soldiers were trained in boot-repairing and successfully transitioned into civil life. Three more disabled returned soldiers were sent up by the Repatriation Department for similar training.

Miscellaneous stores

With the cessation of hostilities supplies of miscellaneous stores had been reduced to a minimum consistent with estimated requirements. Due to the Influenza, all tentage was placed at the disposal of the Public Health Department.

Clothing

The deliveries of all clothing into the Central Districts Ordnance Depot during the period had been most satisfactory, with practically nil complaints on the various manufacturers for the good work that was delivered. The condition of stock in the Department was good, with no sign of moth damage visible. Hospital clothing and linen issued to the various hospitals was of a very good quality. The practice of obtaining supplies of linen, shirting, pillow-cotton, and Turkey twill towels from New Zealand manufacturers the NZAOC to supply a good hard-wearing article and saved a great deal in cost as against local purchase. The installation of the power plant in the Sail-makers’ Section was beneficial and allowed a vast quantity of goods, such as sheets, slips (pillow), neckerchiefs, cloths (table) to be made up.

The NZAOC stock of cholera belts on the cessation of hostilities totalled 19,850, this was essentially dead stock which was re manufactures into shirts (flannel, hospital) and drawers (flannel). The cost of this work is 2s. 6d. per garment. This innovation has proved a success and has enabled the NZAOC to put to good use articles which were considered as useless. Three belts are required to make each flannel shirt, and two belts are required to make each pair flannel drawers. New flannel shirts cost 10s. 6d. each, and drawers 8s. 6d. each.

It was considered advisable to take steps to protect the kapok mattresses from damage owing to the wires on beds rusting from perspiration, and to this end, some 1,500 blankets made from cotton, and which were, not considered suitable for issue, were converted into mattress-protectors by the Sailmakers’ Section.

The renovation of Hats (felt) has also been undertaken been put to good use, the cost of renovation being 3s., which included new leather chin-straps, restocking and cleaning of the hood, with work been most satisfactorily performed with some 1,500 hats subjected to renovation, enabling the NZAOC to reissue hats which in the past were not considered suitable.

The work on the renovation of garments was a complete success during the year. This scheme put to good use articles which formerly would not have been used again. All garments were thoroughly disinfected when being laundered, and all fear of contagion is done away with.

During this period the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was in in the United Kingdom were supplied from NZAOC stocks with;

Jackets, 25,000
trousers, 15,040
shirts work, 42,952
shirts, under, 18,056
drawers, pairs, 18,015
jerseys, 24,760;
socks, pairs, 39,068
putties, pairs, 15,096
boots, pairs, 42,900
shoes, pairs, 14,000.

The Forces in Egypt were supplied with:

Jackets, 2,000.

The total value of these articles was £153,600.

Armament Workshop

During the war years, components for the repairs of small arms had been hampered by difficulties in obtaining spares from England. As a wartime expedient, obsolete MLE rifles once converted by the Armament Workshops to charger loading and sighted for modern ammunition were issued to the Trentham and Featherston camps. On the cessation of hostilities, these rifles were refurbished and redistributed to the four districts in accordance with the requirements of the Training Branch as follows:[5]

Auckland, 753
Wellington, 2,163
Canterbury, 2,126
Otago, 958.

Produce

The NZAOC earned good revenue from the sale of waste products. During the 1918/19 period, the sum of £3,520 was paid into the Public Account in respect of sales of produce.[6]

Featherston Camp

On the cessation of hostilities control of the greater part of the administrative work of Featherston Camp came under the jurisdiction of the NZAOC, the satellite camps were closed, and many of the buildings of the Canvas Camp were dismantled and removed to Trentham. Stores on issue to the various schools at Featherston were either transferred to the Schools of Instruction at Trentham, with the balance distributed among the four districts, Outstanding accounts to local vendors were settled and matters placed on a sound commercial basis. Rented areas were cleared and rendered fit for return to the lessors.[7]

Trentham Camp

As with Featherston administrative control of parts of this camp were placed under the jurisdiction of the NZAOC with general cleaning up on similar lines as that carried out at Featherston carried out. A large staff of artisans was employed on the construction of hospital buildings and general alterations to existing buildings.

In both camps, the demobilization of troops and the subsequent cleaning up, stocktaking, and balancing of ledgers were carried out.

Trentham Ordnance Workshops

During 1918 the Trentham workshops had been working at full capacity with 16,000 articles such as coffins and tables manufactured or repaired. This work was carried out in addition to that relating to new hospitals and entailed the use of 344,207 square feet of timber and 25,278 square feet of three-ply. A large quantity of musketry equipment and office furniture was also manufactured in the Trentham workshop, saving the need to purchase from the commercial market at inflated prices. Machinery for a second-class Ordnance workshop has been ordered through the High Commissioner, London.

Hospital and Vocational training infrastructure

On the 9th January 1919, the NZAOC took the Railways and Works Department responsibilities for Trentham Camp. This responsibility included the maintenance of Trentham. Camp and alterations to several hutments into hospital accommodation. The hospital alterations were as follows;[8]

Ten hutments, 22 ft. by 140 ft lined and converted into hospital wards, with necessary kitchen, Duty Sister’s room, and lavatory accommodation
Four and a half hutments into cubicle accommodation for Sisters, Nurses, and V.A.D.s dining and sitting rooms for Sisters and V.A.D.s also a self-contained kitchen for the female staff employed in Trentham Military Hospital.

In addition to the above, provision was made for X-ray plant and a plaster-room. Alterations were also affected in the operating-theatre. A new septic tank capable of dealing with the sewerage of 1,000 persons was constructed. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining skilled carpenters and plumbers the progress of the work was somewhat slow. Further works have been carried out for educational and vocational training.

As part of the vocational training scheme for returning servicemen, Huts were fitted out for training in:

carpentry,
tailoring,
boot making,
commercial training,
book-keeping,
basket making,
leather-work,
surgical boots and splint making, and
acetone welding.

The provision was also made to install a hot-water system for the new hospital quarters.

Ordnance Ammunition Section at Fort Ballance

The Ammunition Section at Fort Balance destroyed a large number of B.L. cordite cartridges owing to deterioration but were replaced from stocks of material held by the Ammunition Section. About 3,000 rounds of Q.F. ammunition was made up during the year, and 1,000 rounds altered to conform with later specifications. The annual proof of percussion fuzes, friction tubes, etc was also successfully carried out.[9]

NZAOC as Quartermasters

The accounting, care, and custody of stores by units had in the main, been unsatisfactory with units not carrying out their responsibilities as detailed by the Regulations of New Zealand Military Forces. To address the situation Eleven NZAOC Staff Sergeants were seconded for duty as Quartermaster-Sergeants with units. They were appointed to units to make the necessary adjustments and get the units stores accounts onto a working basis. This was a successful arrangement with further audits disclosing few if any deficiencies. It was however evident that the storage accommodation for units was inadequate, with many units having no accommodation where stores could be secured, resulting in the backloading of many items to the regional Stores Depots.[10] [11]

Due to the success of the emergency measures of NZAOC Staff Sergeants into units as Quartermaster-Sergeants, an amendment to Army regulations was published on 3 October 1918 to make the management of Quartermaster Sergeants a NZAOC responsibility. The amendments were as follows;[12]

83. Group and Unit Quartermaster-Sergeants will belong to and be trained by the New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps, and when posted for duty in districts will be borne as supernumeraries on the establishment of that corps. They will be included in the effective strength of the group or unit in which they are actually serving and will be so accounted for in periodical returns for those groups or units. In so far as the questions of efficiency, leave, and duty are concerned, Quartermaster-Sergeants will be under the direct supervision of the A.Q.M.G. of the district, and will be directly responsible to the Group or Unit Commander, as the case may be, for the performance of their respective duties as Group or Unit Accountants. They will devote the whole of their time to the accounting, care, and custody of public property on issue

Influenza Epidemic

Under the management of the Director of Equipment and Ordnance Stores, Major Thomas McCristell, the 123 men of the Ordnance Corps equipped the various emergency hospitals with over 300 beds, supplied the stores and supervised the hospital arrangements and general machinery of each establishment in and about Wellington, so that by 20 November the following hospitals and convalescent hospitals had been established:[13]

Hospitals

Normal School, 91 women,
Sydney street Schoolroom, 41 men.
Missions to Seamen, 65 men.
St. John’s Schoolroom, 67 men and women.
Alexandra Hall, 20 men.
Wellington College, 105 men and women.
St. Patrick’s College, 48 men.
Brooklyn Hall, 32 men and women.
Johnsonville, 23 men and women.
Seatoun, 10 men and women.

Convalescent Hospitals

St. Thomas’s Hall, 35 men.
Wellington Convalescent Home, 24 women.
Salvation Army Training College, 16 women.
St. Anne’s Hall, 30 men.

Untended Children’s Home

Miramar Golf Club, 56 children

The 1916 census listed the population of Wellington as 95235, deaths in Wellington attributed to the influenza were 795 which gave Wellington a death rate of 7.9 per 1000. This rate was slightly higher than Auckland but well below the death rate found in other North Island Locations which was as high as 43 per 1000.[14] It would be optimistic to believe that the work carried out by the Ordnance Corps in establishing emergency hospitals contributed to Wellingtons low death rate.

The Ordnance men were not immune to the effects of the Influenza, and at one stage 7O men were laid up with influenza, placing extraordinary demands onto the very much reduced staff.[15] Private F.W Maynard, a 35-year-old Ordnance Soldier, died as a result of the complications caused by Influenza on the 28 November.[16]

By December 1918 the influenza epidemic was under control, and the crisis has passed with the emergency hospitals progressively shut down. Much of the credit to the success of the setting up and management of the emergency hospitals were placed directly on Major McCristell and his team from the Ordnance Corps.

Sport

On the 23rd September 1918 a Rugby team from the NZAOC met and defeated a team from Base Records by 12 to 5. In the evening the teams and other members of the staffs combined to hold a smoke concert. Major T. M’Cristell, Director of Army Ordnance and Supplies, presided, and a very pleasant evening was spent with musical items and speeches.

A football match was played on Saturday 12 October between the NZAOC and Base Records. Resulting in an 11 to 3 win for the NZAOC. For the winners, tries were scored by Captain King and Private Batchelor. Quartermaster-Sergeant Maclntyre converted one try. Both teams showed good form, but the NZAOC forwards proved too good for Records. Lieutenant Valentine kicked a penalty goal for the losers. Mr R Fordyce was the referee.

Ordnance Branch Picnic

The annual picnic of the Ordnance Branch was held at Day’s Bay on 12 February 1919 under altogether favourable conditions. There was an attendance of between three and four hundred, and the presence of so many children prompted General Sir Alfred Robin to remark during the presentation of the sports prizes that such a happy gathering of young folks augured very well for the Ordnance Branch of the future. The picnickers left town by the Duchess at 1015 a.m., picking up the Rarotongan contingent from Somes Island on the way, and engaged in a day’s sport and pleasure. Lieutenants Austin and Miller, with Corporals Flynn and Barnett as judges, supervised the sports arrangements, and Corporal J. Brown was an efficient secretary. A cold luncheon was provided in the pavilion, and later afternoon tea was served on the grass.[17]

Farwell

One of the largest gatherings of members of the Ordnance Staff took place on 19 May 1919, at the Buckle-street depot to bid farewell to Staff Sergeant Major Donald McIntyre, who, after 17 years’ service is severing his connection with the Defence Department to take up duties with the firm of E Morris. Sergeant Major McIntyre joined the service after his return from the Boer War. Major McCristell in making the presentation on behalf of the staff, regretted the loss. of such a loyal and well-respected member. The presentation took the form of a substantial cheque, a silver tea service, a silver rail oak tray, and a silver cake stand. Sergeant-Major McIntyre led last season in the- batting and bowling averages of the cricket, team, and Captain King, on behalf of the members of the team presented him with a bat for his batting record, and a silver hot water jug for his bowling average. He also expressed regret at losing the services of such an excellent member of the team and trusted that Sergeant-Major McIntyre would always keep in touch with them, and become, an honuary member of the sports committee.[18]

Personnel Movements -July 1918 to June 1919

Transfers

Lance Corporal Edward McManus Sharpe from Trentham to be Range Warden at Redcliff’s Range, Christchurch.[19] [20]
Quartermaster Sergeant Major Quayle to Hawera Defence Office as Group Quartermaster. [21]
Lieutenant Albert Austin from the N.Z. Permanent Staff, July 3, 1918.[22]
Lieutenant Walter N. Bates, from the N.Z. Permanent Staff, July 3 1918[23]

Promotions

Conductor James M. Miller, NZAOC to lieutenant NZAOD 3 July 1918.[24]
Conductor William H Manning, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant. 4 July 1918.[25]
Conductor William Ramsey, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant 4 July 1918.[26]
Staff Sergeant-Major William E. Luckman, NZAOC to be honorary lieutenant 4 July 1918.[27]
Lieutenant Alfred W. Baldwin, NZAOD appointed camp quartermaster, Featherston Military Camp and is granted the temporary rank of-captain whilst so employed (November 18 1918).[28]

Enlistments

198 Private Daniel Brett
200 Private Alfred Healy de Vere
201 Private Christopher Greeshaw
203 Private Richard Rowe
204 Private Benjamin Studley
206 Private John Sheehan
207 Private Orecchio Natale
209 Private A.K Simpson
211 Cadet John Lines
213 Private William Saul Keegan
215 Private Samuel Victor Forsythe
220 Cadet Frederick Stephen Forster Shell
221 Cadet Harry William Miller
228 Private Thomas Graham Niven
239 Private Edward John Treweek
241 Private Theodore Norris
246 Private Thomas Bowman
253 Private Charles James Gardiner
254 Private James Gorman
263 Private McKenzie Denis Horneman
268 Private James Alexander Kenning
269 Private George Kermode
273 Private Thomas Ellwood Lyle
293 Artificer Michael Scollard
294 Private Richard Brady Simpson
297 Private George Steventon Thompson
299 Private Peter Tulloch
318 Private Frank Joseph Shacklock
329 Private Harold Fraser White
332 Private Hugh Patrick Duffin
343 Private Tom John McGrath
348 Private Leonard Robertshaw
354 Private William Varian Wilson
361 Private Josiah Phethean
366 Private William Henry Murdoch
368 Private James King
381 Private Henry Steele
382 Private George Priestley Smith
392 Private Robert O’Brien
393 Private John Naylor
395 Private Orlando Max Adams
407 Private James Crone
409 Private John de Rungs
414 Private Allen Gibbs
418 Private William Henry McCarthy
424 Private Phillip Thomas Labatt
431 Private John McVean Walker
432 Private Reginald Andrew Ross
436 Private John Raymond Johnson
438 Private Leonard Alexander Tall
441 Private Montagu Spotswood
446 Private Cecil Balcombe Langridge
453 Private Harold Rigby
462 Private William Ernest George
477 Private Lawritz Christopher Jansen
478 Private Andrew Robert Murphy
480 Private James Herbert Turner
493 Private William Parry Mortimore
515 Private Thomas Edward Mills
518 James McEntee
553 Private Martin Joseph Power
555 Private Gray
562 Private Herbert Edward Rogers
563 Artificer Gerald Bridge
574 Artificer Henry James Day
580 Private Robert James Kennedy
589 Private James O’Malley
590 Private Petersen Julius
594 Private James Gordon Sievwright
595 Private Albert Sydney Smith
601 Private James Pritchard
605 Private Walter Edward Cook
617 Private Horace James Richards
634 Private John Morrison
654 Private Lewis Freeman Keys
669 Lance Corporal Thomas William Cooper
675 Private Benjamin Smith
680 Private Egbert Edwin White
687 Private George Quayle
690 Private John Miller
695 Private William Cyril McGill
697 Private William Gibbons
714 Private Kennith Hoare
718 Private Peter Douglas Adamson
948 Lieutenant Michael Joseph Lyons
1001 Private Arthur James Kelly

Releases

211 Cadet John Lines
220 Cadet Frederick Stephen Forster Shell
28 Private Robert James Kennedy
66 Private Harry Stephens Jupp
70 Private Walter Ernest Hamilton Knowles
101 Private Michael Joseph Rees
115 Private Alfred William Sparkes
131 Private George Yates
161 Private Herbert Clarence Martin
170 Private Benjamin Disraeli Wigton
179 Private Paul Ernest Morris
184 Private Frederick Charles Valentine Martinson
188 Private Robert Park
189 Private Percy Deaker Owen
190 Private John Joseph Lynch
191 Private James Laurence Lord
198 Private Daniel Brett
201 Private Christopher Greeshaw
203 Private Richard Rowe
204 Private Benjamin Studley
206 Private John Sheehan
207 Private Orecchio Natale
215 Private Samuel Victor Forsythe
239 Private Edward John Treweek
297 Private George Steventon Thompson
332 Private Hugh Patrick Duffin
361 Private Josiah Phethean
381 Private Henry Steele
382 Private George Priestley Smith
395 Private Orlando Max Adams
414 Private Allen Gibbs
432 Private Reginald Andrew Ross
438 Private Leonard Alexander Tall
562 Private Herbert Edward Rogers
589 Private James O’Malley
594 Private James Gordon Sievwright
595 Private Albert Sydney Smith
654 Private Lewis Freeman Keys
695 Private William Cyril McGill
811 Private Henry Edward Franklin
64728 Private Frederick Maynard
34 Lance Corporal Cecil Martin Ellison
149 Lance Corporal Lionel Bust Foster
37 Corporal James Flynn
67 Corporal Martin Henri Kearney
48 Conductor Mark Leonard Hathaway
137 Sergeant Horace Eugene Waller
Captain Robert Vinning Parker
Lt. (Hon Capt Temp.) W. T. Beck, DSO posted to the Retired List, with the hon. rank of Capt., and permission to retain his rank and wear the prescribed uniform.[29]

Deaths

Frederick William Maynard, Influenza 28 November 1918[30]

Notes:

[1] “New Zealand Army Ordnance Department and New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps Regulations,” New Zealand Gazette, No 95, June 7 1917.

[2] “H-19 Defence Forces of New Zealand, Annual Report of the General Officer Commanding the Forces,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1919).

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] “Defence Stores,” Dominion, Volume 12, Issue 10, 7 October 1918.

[11] “H-19d Conference of Defence Department Officers (Notes by) on Criticisms, Suggestions and Recommendations as Contained in the Report of the Defence Expenditure Commission,” Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives (1918).

[12] “Amending the Regulations for the Military Forces of New New Zealand,” New Zealand Gazette No 135 (1918): 3429.

[13] “Revelations,” New Zealand Times, Volume XLIII, Issue 10133, 22 November 1918.

[14] Manatū Taonga – Ministry for Culture and Heritage, “North Island Influenza Death Rates, 11 January 2018,” https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic/north-island-death-rates.

[15] “Under Control,” New Zealand Times, Volume XLIII, Issue 10131, 20 November 1918.

[16] “Soldiers Deaths,” Evening Post, Volume XCVI, Issue 131, 29 November 1918.

[17] “Ordnance Branch Picnic,” Evening Post, Volume XCVII, Issue 36, 13 February 1919.

[18] “Untitled – Mcintyre,” Evening Post, Volume XCVII, Issue 117, 20 May 1919.

[19] “Personal _ Sharpe,” Dunstan Times, Issue 2962, 7 April 1919.

[20] “Edward Mcmanus Sharpe,” Personal File, Archives New Zealand (1914-1918).

[21] “Personal Items,” Hawera & Normanby Star, Volume LXXVII, Issue LXXVII, 9 May 1919.

[22] “Ordnance Branch,” Dominion, Volume 11, Issue 269, 2 August 1918.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] “New Zealand Army,” Dominion, Volume 12, Issue 90, 10 January 1919.

[29] “Territorial Army,” Evening Post, Volume XCVI, Issue 73 1918.

[30] “Soldiers Deaths.”